{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399812016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-024-00551-3","title":"Parameter-Efficient Multi-classification Software Defect Detection Method Based on Pre-trained LLMs","display_name":"Parameter-Efficient Multi-classification Software Defect Detection Method Based on Pre-trained LLMs","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399812016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-024-00551-3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-024-00551-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-024-00551-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-024-00551-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-024-00551-3.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084887056","display_name":"Xuanye Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3323-7146"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuanye Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pazhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pazhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lu Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7422-1057"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lu Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pazhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7422-1057","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pazhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047901883","display_name":"Zhanyu Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6264-8230"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhanyu Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100316478","display_name":"Qingyan Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3936-8799"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098034","display_name":"Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province","ror":"https://ror.org/00swtqp09","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingyan Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tunnel Safety and Emergency Support Technology and Equipment, Guangzhou, China","Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tunnel Safety and Emergency Support Technology and Equipment, Guangzhou, 510440, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tunnel Safety and Emergency Support Technology and Equipment, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098034"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tunnel Safety and Emergency Support Technology and Equipment, Guangzhou, 510440, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098034"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109735170","display_name":"Haisha Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098034","display_name":"Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province","ror":"https://ror.org/00swtqp09","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haisha Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tunnel Safety and Emergency Support Technology and Equipment, Guangzhou, China","Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tunnel Safety and Emergency Support Technology and Equipment, Guangzhou, 510440, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tunnel Safety and Emergency Support Technology and Equipment, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098034"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tunnel Safety and Emergency Support Technology and Equipment, Guangzhou, 510440, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098034"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"],"apc_list":{"value":1390,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1704},"apc_paid":{"value":1390,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1704},"fwci":9.5774,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97916109,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5438072085380554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4437884986400604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3256625533103943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.0675249695777893}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5438072085380554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4437884986400604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3256625533103943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0675249695777893}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-024-00551-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-024-00551-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-024-00551-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:587da49a4ff544668dbcb94f78fb0fd9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/587da49a4ff544668dbcb94f78fb0fd9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, Vol 17, Iss 1, Pp 1-16 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-024-00551-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-024-00551-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-024-00551-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":0.5400000214576721}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399812016.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964962870","https://openalex.org/W2114728368","https://openalex.org/W2127623179","https://openalex.org/W2137983211","https://openalex.org/W2360967250","https://openalex.org/W2624900765","https://openalex.org/W2743316948","https://openalex.org/W2886603593","https://openalex.org/W2945699300","https://openalex.org/W2998353611","https://openalex.org/W3015641005","https://openalex.org/W3098605233","https://openalex.org/W3122332284","https://openalex.org/W3133782093","https://openalex.org/W3198685994","https://openalex.org/W4206433680","https://openalex.org/W4210671315","https://openalex.org/W4211159478","https://openalex.org/W4211259380","https://openalex.org/W4213007905","https://openalex.org/W4221166942","https://openalex.org/W4294658823","https://openalex.org/W4308641648","https://openalex.org/W4312436517","https://openalex.org/W4312856056","https://openalex.org/W4328028966","https://openalex.org/W4379618990","https://openalex.org/W4385767563","https://openalex.org/W4386365705","https://openalex.org/W4387709634","https://openalex.org/W4389519352","https://openalex.org/W4390052363","https://openalex.org/W4390323140","https://openalex.org/W4390985180","https://openalex.org/W4391815887","https://openalex.org/W6702248584"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W4395014643"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Software":[1],"Defect":[2],"Detection":[3],"(SDD)":[4],"has":[5],"always":[6],"been":[7],"critical":[8],"to":[9,92,122,174],"the":[10,23,31,72,101,124,129,132,143,147,191,203],"development":[11],"life":[12],"cycle.":[13],"A":[14],"stable":[15],"defect":[16],"detection":[17,86],"system":[18],"can":[19,211],"not":[20],"only":[21,116,198],"alleviate":[22],"workload":[24],"of":[25,34,58,104,131,149,182,194,200,202],"software":[26,35],"testers":[27],"but":[28],"also":[29],"enhance":[30],"overall":[32],"efficiency":[33],"development.":[36],"Researchers":[37],"have":[38],"recently":[39],"proposed":[40],"various":[41],"artificial":[42],"intelligence-based":[43],"SDD":[44,176],"methods":[45,52],"and":[46,60,75,186,209],"achieved":[47],"significant":[48],"advancements.":[49],"However,":[50],"these":[51,117],"still":[53],"exhibit":[54],"limitations":[55],"in":[56,180],"terms":[57,181],"reliability":[59],"usability.":[61],"Therefore,":[62],"we":[63,107,135],"introduce":[64],"MSDD-(IA)":[65,168,195],"3":[66,77,110,169,196],",":[67],"a":[68,85,137],"novel":[69,138],"framework":[70,83],"leveraging":[71,128],"pre-trained":[73,90,105,133],"CodeT5+":[74,91],"(IA)":[76,109],"for":[78],"parameter-efficient":[79],"multi-classification":[80],"SDD.":[81],"This":[82],"constructs":[84],"model":[87],"based":[88],"on":[89,161],"generate":[93],"code":[94,151,210],"representations":[95],"while":[96],"capturing":[97],"defect-prone":[98],"features.":[99],"Considering":[100],"high":[102],"overhead":[103],"LLMs,":[106],"injects":[108],"vectors":[111],"into":[112],"specific":[113],"layers,":[114],"where":[115],"injected":[118],"parameters":[119,193],"are":[120,197],"updated":[121],"reduce":[123],"training":[125,192],"cost.":[126],"Furthermore,":[127],"properties":[130],"CodeT5+,":[134],"design":[136],"feature":[139],"sequence":[140],"that":[141,167],"enriches":[142],"input":[144],"data":[145,208],"through":[146],"combination":[148],"source":[150],"with":[152],"Natural":[153],"Language":[154],"(NL)-based":[155],"expert":[156],"metrics.":[157],"Our":[158,206],"experimental":[159,207],"results":[160],"64K":[162],"real-world":[163],"Python":[164],"snippets":[165],"show":[166],"demonstrates":[170],"superior":[171],"performance":[172],"compared":[173],"state-of-the-art":[175],"methods,":[177],"including":[178],"PM2-CNN,":[179],"F1-weighted,":[183],"Recall-weighted,":[184],"Precision-weighted,":[185],"Matthews":[187],"Correlation":[188],"Coefficient.":[189],"Notably,":[190],"0.04%":[199],"those":[201],"original":[204],"CodeT5+.":[205],"be":[212],"available":[213],"at":[214],"(":[215],"https://gitee.com/wxyzjp123/msdd-ia3/":[216],").":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T08:27:34.040176","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}