{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399139471","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-024-00520-w","title":"Deep Transfer Learning-Based Automated Diabetic Retinopathy Detection Using Retinal Fundus Images in Remote Areas","display_name":"Deep Transfer Learning-Based Automated Diabetic Retinopathy Detection Using Retinal Fundus Images in Remote Areas","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399139471","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-024-00520-w"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-024-00520-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-024-00520-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-024-00520-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-024-00520-w.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014454996","display_name":"Ayesha Jabbar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9431-4894"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayesha Jabbar","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, 100124, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, 100124, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003316065","display_name":"Shahid Naseem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0791-541X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130814776","display_name":"University of Okara","ror":"https://ror.org/02fmg6q11","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130814776"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5100685","display_name":"University of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/052z7nw84","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5100685"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahid Naseem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Sciences, University of Education, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Sciences, University of Education, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5100685","https://openalex.org/I3130814776"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100393880","display_name":"Jianqiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1995-9249"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianqiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Engineering Research Center for IoT Software and Systems, Beijing, 100124, China","Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, 100124, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for IoT Software and Systems, Beijing, 100124, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, 100124, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055052519","display_name":"Tariq Mahmood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4299-7756"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142024983","display_name":"Prince Sultan University","ror":"https://ror.org/053mqrf26","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5100685","display_name":"University of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/052z7nw84","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5100685"]}],"countries":["PK","SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tariq Mahmood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence and Data Analytics (AIDA) Lab, CCIS Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, 11586, Saudi Arabia","Faculty of Information Sciences, University of Education, Vehari Campus, Vehari, 61161, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4299-7756","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence and Data Analytics (AIDA) Lab, CCIS Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, 11586, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Sciences, University of Education, Vehari Campus, Vehari, 61161, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5100685"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045203545","display_name":"Muhammad Kashif Jabbar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8963-1201"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Kashif Jabbar","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062125413","display_name":"Amjad Rehman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3817-2655"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142024983","display_name":"Prince Sultan University","ror":"https://ror.org/053mqrf26","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amjad Rehman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence and Data Analytics (AIDA) Lab, CCIS Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, 11586, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence and Data Analytics (AIDA) Lab, CCIS Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, 11586, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094050788","display_name":"Tanzila Saba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2579-4209"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142024983","display_name":"Prince Sultan University","ror":"https://ror.org/053mqrf26","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tanzila Saba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence and Data Analytics (AIDA) Lab, CCIS Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, 11586, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence and Data Analytics (AIDA) Lab, CCIS Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, 11586, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055052519"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142024983","https://openalex.org/I5100685"],"apc_list":{"value":1390,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1704},"apc_paid":{"value":1390,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1704},"fwci":16.4839,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99504493,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.987500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fundus","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","score":0.7969813942909241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-retinopathy","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","score":0.7484474182128906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal","display_name":"Retinal","score":0.6467271447181702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmology","display_name":"Ophthalmology","score":0.6104961037635803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optometry","display_name":"Optometry","score":0.509159505367279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49058976769447327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.49039673805236816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4159102439880371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinopathy","display_name":"Retinopathy","score":0.4114842712879181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.37154248356819153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","score":0.22336497902870178}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776391266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9612","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","level":2,"score":0.7969813942909241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779829184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631361","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.7484474182128906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780827179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422001","display_name":"Retinal","level":2,"score":0.6467271447181702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.6104961037635803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.509159505367279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49058976769447327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.49039673805236816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4159102439880371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778313320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550455","display_name":"Retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.4114842712879181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.37154248356819153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.22336497902870178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-024-00520-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-024-00520-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-024-00520-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f629968f13a34a5498ae5cd542dc4cc2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f629968f13a34a5498ae5cd542dc4cc2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, Vol 17, Iss 1, Pp 1-20 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-024-00520-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-024-00520-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-024-00520-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336405","display_name":"Special Project for Research and Development in Key areas of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399139471.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2086986013","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2142283917","https://openalex.org/W2149362452","https://openalex.org/W2162698990","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2502390809","https://openalex.org/W2564861555","https://openalex.org/W2598236886","https://openalex.org/W2598442119","https://openalex.org/W2621367454","https://openalex.org/W2753056288","https://openalex.org/W2772084711","https://openalex.org/W2804935296","https://openalex.org/W2809160962","https://openalex.org/W2891679325","https://openalex.org/W2892133319","https://openalex.org/W2919733445","https://openalex.org/W2934420704","https://openalex.org/W2964176891","https://openalex.org/W2981494882","https://openalex.org/W3017191321","https://openalex.org/W3038707731","https://openalex.org/W3082944873","https://openalex.org/W3085166987","https://openalex.org/W3087535133","https://openalex.org/W3110660429","https://openalex.org/W3110661938","https://openalex.org/W3180110917","https://openalex.org/W3184456909","https://openalex.org/W3197894726","https://openalex.org/W3201140219","https://openalex.org/W4210378860","https://openalex.org/W4210499118","https://openalex.org/W4229375793","https://openalex.org/W4282928658","https://openalex.org/W4285041676","https://openalex.org/W4293258814","https://openalex.org/W4296126944","https://openalex.org/W4296977080","https://openalex.org/W4296990608","https://openalex.org/W4309686567","https://openalex.org/W4309899681","https://openalex.org/W4311633846","https://openalex.org/W4319300499","https://openalex.org/W4322503441","https://openalex.org/W4327969914","https://openalex.org/W4353079173","https://openalex.org/W4362553764","https://openalex.org/W4364381341","https://openalex.org/W4379057644","https://openalex.org/W4382138563","https://openalex.org/W4385272335","https://openalex.org/W4386931126","https://openalex.org/W4387037318","https://openalex.org/W4387081801","https://openalex.org/W4388634899","https://openalex.org/W4388993489","https://openalex.org/W4389740347"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980571360","https://openalex.org/W186124986","https://openalex.org/W3176448898","https://openalex.org/W4379115808","https://openalex.org/W3207986206","https://openalex.org/W2429379476","https://openalex.org/W2744576618","https://openalex.org/W1979866946","https://openalex.org/W2584074590","https://openalex.org/W4226141369"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Diabetic":[1],"retinopathy":[2],"(DR)":[3],"significantly":[4],"burdens":[5],"ophthalmic":[6],"healthcare":[7,172],"due":[8],"to":[9,48,54,67,78,86,133],"its":[10,130],"wide":[11],"prevalence":[12],"and":[13,58,95],"high":[14],"diagnostic":[15],"costs.":[16],"Especially":[17],"in":[18,167],"remote":[19,168],"areas":[20,169],"with":[21],"limited":[22],"medical":[23,101],"access,":[24],"undetected":[25],"DR":[26,43,63,113,177,192],"cases":[27],"are":[28,83],"on":[29,104],"the":[30,87,105,141,144,154,158,164],"rise.":[31],"Our":[32],"study":[33],"introduces":[34],"an":[35,56,148],"advanced":[36],"deep":[37,117],"transfer":[38,118],"learning-based":[39],"system":[40,61,74,110,166,182],"for":[41,62,90,179,190],"real-time":[42,112],"detection":[44,94,114,155],"using":[45],"fundus":[46,76],"cameras":[47],"address":[49],"this.":[50],"This":[51],"research":[52,135],"aims":[53],"develop":[55],"efficient":[57],"timely":[59,188],"assistance":[60],"patients,":[64],"empowering":[65],"them":[66],"manage":[68],"their":[69],"health":[70],"better.":[71],"The":[72,108,123,137,181],"proposed":[73,109,145],"leverages":[75],"imaging":[77],"collect":[79],"retinal":[80],"images,":[81],"which":[82],"then":[84],"transmitted":[85],"processing":[88],"unit":[89],"effective":[91],"disease":[92],"severity":[93],"classification.":[96],"Comprehensive":[97],"reports":[98],"guide":[99],"subsequent":[100],"actions":[102],"based":[103],"identified":[106],"stage.":[107],"achieves":[111],"by":[115],"utilizing":[116],"learning":[119],"algorithms,":[120],"specifically":[121],"VGGNet.":[122],"system\u2019s":[124],"performance":[125,159],"is":[126],"rigorously":[127],"evaluated,":[128],"comparing":[129],"classification":[131,151],"accuracy":[132,152],"previous":[134],"outcomes.":[136],"experimental":[138],"results":[139],"demonstrate":[140],"robustness":[142],"of":[143,160],"system,":[146],"achieving":[147],"impressive":[149],"97.6%":[150],"during":[153],"phase,":[156],"surpassing":[157],"existing":[161],"approaches.":[162],"Implementing":[163],"automated":[165],"has":[170],"transformed":[171],"dynamics,":[173],"enabling":[174],"early,":[175],"cost-effective":[176],"diagnosis":[178],"millions.":[180],"also":[183],"streamlines":[184],"patient":[185],"prioritization,":[186],"facilitating":[187],"interventions":[189],"early-stage":[191],"cases.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-05-28T09:10:13.091523","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}