{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391927311","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-024-00421-y","title":"Multi-scale Convolutional Feature Fusion Network Based on Attention Mechanism for IoT Traffic Classification","display_name":"Multi-scale Convolutional Feature Fusion Network Based on Attention Mechanism for IoT Traffic Classification","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391927311","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-024-00421-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-024-00421-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-024-00421-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-024-00421-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-024-00421-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052063029","display_name":"Niandong Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8579-7682"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56934997","display_name":"Changsha University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03yph8055","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Niandong Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021790156","display_name":"Jiayu Guan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4678-5910"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56934997","display_name":"Changsha University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03yph8055","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiayu Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052063029"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"],"apc_list":{"value":1390,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1704},"apc_paid":{"value":1390,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1704},"fwci":7.9384,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97780757,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7842764854431152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.6969629526138306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5935250520706177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.5446632504463196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5282294750213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5202533006668091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.504002034664154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-classification","display_name":"Traffic classification","score":0.46959415078163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3859153687953949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.37695637345314026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3380139470100403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.21419724822044373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.11289802193641663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.05568000674247742}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7842764854431152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6969629526138306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5935250520706177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.5446632504463196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5282294750213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5202533006668091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.504002034664154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169988225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832484","display_name":"Traffic classification","level":3,"score":0.46959415078163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3859153687953949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.37695637345314026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3380139470100403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.21419724822044373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.11289802193641663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.05568000674247742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-024-00421-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-024-00421-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-024-00421-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:176350dccf4c4a82b4df3675a35e67e6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/176350dccf4c4a82b4df3675a35e67e6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, Vol 17, Iss 1, Pp 1-25 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-024-00421-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-024-00421-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-024-00421-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5799999833106995,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391927311.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2099940443","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2296509296","https://openalex.org/W2557450880","https://openalex.org/W2590373591","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2799758613","https://openalex.org/W2801118360","https://openalex.org/W2804009169","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2898726669","https://openalex.org/W2902209387","https://openalex.org/W2911171945","https://openalex.org/W2911264084","https://openalex.org/W2913206818","https://openalex.org/W2926701059","https://openalex.org/W2929049293","https://openalex.org/W2941141808","https://openalex.org/W2950250245","https://openalex.org/W2955014922","https://openalex.org/W2963471098","https://openalex.org/W2964137095","https://openalex.org/W2969231300","https://openalex.org/W2991140181","https://openalex.org/W2995789841","https://openalex.org/W2998722477","https://openalex.org/W3001675796","https://openalex.org/W3010704846","https://openalex.org/W3020912042","https://openalex.org/W3021740526","https://openalex.org/W3025125719","https://openalex.org/W3047562633","https://openalex.org/W3081818170","https://openalex.org/W3086419524","https://openalex.org/W3099027680","https://openalex.org/W3109376429","https://openalex.org/W3110852669","https://openalex.org/W3122864121","https://openalex.org/W3129195893","https://openalex.org/W3141567114","https://openalex.org/W3154459044","https://openalex.org/W3155332577","https://openalex.org/W3161599138","https://openalex.org/W3164796711","https://openalex.org/W3165609663","https://openalex.org/W3194837781","https://openalex.org/W3208124018","https://openalex.org/W4200347975","https://openalex.org/W4205412140","https://openalex.org/W4210445108","https://openalex.org/W4220985538","https://openalex.org/W4221100167","https://openalex.org/W4223476264","https://openalex.org/W4223542981","https://openalex.org/W4283778696","https://openalex.org/W4289527095","https://openalex.org/W4312204879","https://openalex.org/W4320920141","https://openalex.org/W4321016094","https://openalex.org/W4322102176","https://openalex.org/W4380930638","https://openalex.org/W4386607777","https://openalex.org/W6743493502"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4245926026","https://openalex.org/W4311097251","https://openalex.org/W2586548817","https://openalex.org/W2625093826","https://openalex.org/W2950174689","https://openalex.org/W4200598720","https://openalex.org/W2921026492","https://openalex.org/W4361251261","https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W3031181660"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,101,117,138],"Internet":[2,25],"of":[3,24,26,40,126,130,204],"Things":[4,27],"(IoT)":[5,28],"has":[6],"been":[7],"extensively":[8,175],"utilized":[9],"in":[10],"domains":[11],"such":[12],"as":[13],"smart":[14],"homes,":[15],"healthcare,":[16],"and":[17,60,76,128,230],"other":[18],"industries.":[19],"With":[20,225],"the":[21,70,124,131,147,173,205,214,218],"exponential":[22],"growth":[23],"devices,":[29],"they":[30],"have":[31],"become":[32],"prime":[33],"targets":[34],"for":[35,66,96,191,223],"malicious":[36],"cyber-attacks.":[37],"Effective":[38],"classification":[39],"IoT":[41,53,98,192,245],"traffic":[42,54,67,99,115,193],"is,":[43],"therefore,":[44],"imperative":[45],"to":[46,72,168,242],"enable":[47],"robust":[48],"intrusion":[49,246],"detection":[50,247],"systems.":[51],"However,":[52],"data":[55],"contain":[56],"intricate":[57],"spatial":[58,112,221],"relationships":[59],"topological":[61],"information,":[62],"which":[63],"traditional":[64],"methods":[65,197],"identification":[68],"lack":[69],"capability":[71],"fully":[73],"extract":[74],"features":[75,113,144,164,222],"capture":[77],"crucial":[78],"characteristics.":[79],"We":[80,171],"propose":[81],"a":[82,90,199,237],"multi-scale":[83,111],"convolutional":[84],"feature":[85],"fusion":[86],"network":[87,102,215],"augmented":[88],"with":[89,160],"Convolutional":[91],"Block":[92],"Attention":[93],"Module":[94],"(MCF-CBAM)":[95],"accurate":[97],"classification.":[100],"incorporates":[103],"three":[104,177],"critical":[105],"innovations:":[106],"(1)":[107],"Parallel":[108],"convolution":[109,121],"extracts":[110],"from":[114,165],"data.":[116],"1":[118,120],"\u00d7":[119],"operation":[122],"reduces":[123],"amount":[125],"parameters":[127],"calculations":[129],"network,":[132],"thereby":[133],"improving":[134],"work":[135,235],"efficiency.":[136],"(2)":[137],"attention":[139,207,232],"module":[140],"suppresses":[141],"less":[142],"informative":[143],"while":[145],"highlighting":[146],"most":[148,219],"discriminative":[149],"ones,":[150],"enabling":[151],"focused":[152],"learning":[153,240],"on":[154,176],"decisive":[155,220],"features.":[156],"(3)":[157],"Cross-scale":[158],"connections":[159],"channel":[161],"jumps":[162],"reuse":[163],"prior":[166],"layers":[167],"enhance":[169],"generalization.":[170],"evaluate":[172],"method":[174],"widely":[178],"adopted":[179],"public":[180],"datasets.":[181],"Quantitative":[182],"results":[183],"demonstrate":[184],"MCF-CBAM":[185],"establishes":[186],"new":[187],"state-of-the-art":[188],"performance":[189,229],"benchmarks":[190],"classification,":[194],"surpassing":[195],"existing":[196],"by":[198],"significant":[200],"margin.":[201],"Qualitative":[202],"visualizations":[203],"learned":[206],"weights":[208],"provide":[209],"intuitive":[210],"insights":[211],"into":[212],"how":[213],"automatically":[216],"discovers":[217],"identification.":[224],"its":[226],"strong":[227],"empirical":[228],"interpretable":[231],"mechanisms,":[233],"this":[234],"presents":[236],"promising":[238],"deep":[239],"solution":[241],"augment":[243],"real-world":[244],"systems":[248],"against":[249],"growing":[250],"cybersecurity":[251],"threats.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-17T17:19:04.345684","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
