{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390536457","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-023-00388-2","title":"Detecting Thyroid Disease Using Optimized Machine Learning Model Based on Differential Evolution","display_name":"Detecting Thyroid Disease Using Optimized Machine Learning Model Based on Differential Evolution","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390536457","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-023-00388-2"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-023-00388-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-023-00388-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-023-00388-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-023-00388-2.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016605651","display_name":"Punit Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7606-3014"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Punit Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058941449","display_name":"Furqan Rustam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8403-1047"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Furqan Rustam","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070702816","display_name":"Khadija Kanwal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2300-9636"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126226","display_name":"The Women University Multan","ror":"https://ror.org/035ggvj17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126226"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Khadija Kanwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Science and Information Technology, The Women University Multan, Multan, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Science and Information Technology, The Women University Multan, Multan, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057627035","display_name":"Wajdi Aljedaani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6700-719X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","display_name":"University of North Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97ad02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wajdi Aljedaani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, USA","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068803942","display_name":"Sultan Alfarhood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1268-9613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sultan Alfarhood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, P. O. Box 51178, Riyadh, 11543, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, P. O. Box 51178, Riyadh, 11543, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009412723","display_name":"Mejdl Safran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7445-7121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mejdl Safran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, P. O. Box 51178, Riyadh, 11543, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, P. O. Box 51178, Riyadh, 11543, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074629800","display_name":"Imran Ashraf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8271-6496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55240360","display_name":"Yeungnam University","ror":"https://ror.org/05yc6p159","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55240360"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Imran Ashraf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea","Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8271-6496","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55240360"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55240360"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009412723","https://openalex.org/A5016605651","https://openalex.org/A5057627035","https://openalex.org/A5058941449","https://openalex.org/A5068803942","https://openalex.org/A5070702816","https://openalex.org/A5074629800"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933","https://openalex.org/I123534392","https://openalex.org/I28022161","https://openalex.org/I4210126226","https://openalex.org/I55240360"],"apc_list":{"value":2090,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2090},"apc_paid":{"value":2090,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2090},"fwci":25.2562,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":65,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99753103,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":0.9581000208854675,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":0.9581000208854675,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7364513278007507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-evolution","display_name":"Differential evolution","score":0.570667564868927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5520563125610352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5365917682647705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5247402787208557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-classification","display_name":"Binary classification","score":0.5053785443305969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.46645015478134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.43458759784698486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thyroid-disease","display_name":"Thyroid disease","score":0.4344882369041443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaboost","display_name":"AdaBoost","score":0.4148997664451599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thyroid","display_name":"Thyroid","score":0.324766606092453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15170547366142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.11939767003059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.10886350274085999}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7364513278007507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74750220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2662197","display_name":"Differential evolution","level":2,"score":0.570667564868927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5520563125610352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5365917682647705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5247402787208557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.5053785443305969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.46645015478134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.43458759784698486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780176905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6673122","display_name":"Thyroid disease","level":3,"score":0.4344882369041443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141404830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2823869","display_name":"AdaBoost","level":3,"score":0.4148997664451599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526584372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16399","display_name":"Thyroid","level":2,"score":0.324766606092453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15170547366142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.11939767003059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.10886350274085999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-023-00388-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-023-00388-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-023-00388-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:info:ark/67531/metadc2376775","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2376775/","pdf_url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2376775/m2/1/high_res_d/s44196-023-00388-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400792","display_name":"University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","host_organization_name":"University of North Texas","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, 17(3), Springer Nature, January 3, 2024, pp. 1-19","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3516c71de1c84dbd82b248885ac695dc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3516c71de1c84dbd82b248885ac695dc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, Vol 17, Iss 1, Pp 1-19 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-023-00388-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-023-00388-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-023-00388-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1714932232","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RSPD2024R890","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","funder_display_name":"King Saud University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390536457.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1747119434","https://openalex.org/W1965606641","https://openalex.org/W2121412391","https://openalex.org/W2146843391","https://openalex.org/W2163939306","https://openalex.org/W2168231245","https://openalex.org/W2287424985","https://openalex.org/W2346300232","https://openalex.org/W2480259329","https://openalex.org/W2810965170","https://openalex.org/W2909657940","https://openalex.org/W2928011770","https://openalex.org/W2947168485","https://openalex.org/W2966200315","https://openalex.org/W2979078846","https://openalex.org/W2979172271","https://openalex.org/W3004781523","https://openalex.org/W3005758751","https://openalex.org/W3015691951","https://openalex.org/W3036332138","https://openalex.org/W3080290774","https://openalex.org/W3082773582","https://openalex.org/W3102138943","https://openalex.org/W3157316472","https://openalex.org/W3174939651","https://openalex.org/W3197391771","https://openalex.org/W3197467533","https://openalex.org/W3203896629","https://openalex.org/W3204531898","https://openalex.org/W4212994404","https://openalex.org/W4214909912","https://openalex.org/W4226167088","https://openalex.org/W4230636083","https://openalex.org/W4281731548","https://openalex.org/W4281914305","https://openalex.org/W4282973354","https://openalex.org/W4283450320","https://openalex.org/W4291415503"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3039673966","https://openalex.org/W2380075625","https://openalex.org/W2002351707","https://openalex.org/W2035096001","https://openalex.org/W4293699968","https://openalex.org/W4312843811","https://openalex.org/W2923621274","https://openalex.org/W2327035729","https://openalex.org/W3112414093","https://openalex.org/W3011239835"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Thyroid":[1],"disease":[2,23,36],"has":[3],"been":[4],"on":[5,34,54],"the":[6,9,38,55,66,89,114,117],"rise":[7],"during":[8],"past":[10],"few":[11],"years.":[12],"Owing":[13],"to":[14,61,87,112],"its":[15],"importance":[16],"in":[17],"metabolism,":[18],"early":[19],"detection":[20],"of":[21,27,40,72,91,107,116],"thyroid":[22,35,73],"is":[24,43,141],"a":[25,81,128],"task":[26],"critical":[28],"importance.":[29],"Despite":[30],"several":[31],"existing":[32,50,144],"works":[33],"detection,":[37],"problem":[39],"class":[41],"imbalance":[42],"not":[44],"investigated":[45],"very":[46],"well.":[47],"In":[48],"addition,":[49],"studies":[51],"predominantly":[52],"focus":[53],"binary-class":[56],"problem.":[57],"This":[58],"study":[59],"aims":[60],"solve":[62],"these":[63],"issues":[64],"by":[65],"proposed":[67,78,118],"approach":[68,79,119],"where":[69],"ten":[70],"types":[71],"diseases":[74],"are":[75,100,109],"considered.":[76],"The":[77],"uses":[80],"differential":[82],"evolution":[83],"(DE)-based":[84],"optimization":[85,139],"algorithm":[86],"fine-tune":[88],"parameters":[90],"machine":[92],"learning":[93],"models.":[94,146],"Moreover,":[95],"conditional":[96],"generative":[97],"adversarial":[98],"networks":[99],"used":[101],"for":[102],"data":[103],"augmentation.":[104],"Several":[105],"sets":[106],"experiments":[108],"carried":[110],"out":[111],"analyze":[113],"performance":[115],"with":[120,137],"and":[121],"without":[122],"model":[123],"optimization.":[124],"Results":[125],"suggest":[126],"that":[127],"0.998":[129],"accuracy":[130],"score":[131],"can":[132],"be":[133],"obtained":[134],"using":[135],"AdaBoost":[136],"DE":[138],"which":[140],"better":[142],"than":[143],"state-of-the-art":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-07-31T08:31:51.225901","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
