{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4360980871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-023-00203-y","title":"Unsupervised Ensemble Learning Improves Discriminability of Stochastic Neighbor Embedding","display_name":"Unsupervised Ensemble Learning Improves Discriminability of Stochastic Neighbor Embedding","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4360980871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-023-00203-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-023-00203-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s44196-023-00203-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-023-00203-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-023-00203-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100370513","display_name":"Jian Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9270-8457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an Road, Chengdu, 611756, Sichuan, China","School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Xi'an Road, Chengdu, 611756, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an Road, Chengdu, 611756, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Xi'an Road, Chengdu, 611756, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057059233","display_name":"Hui Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4305-9830"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Southwest Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an Road, Chengdu, 611756, Sichuan, China","School of Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Southwest Jiaotong University, Xi'an Road, Chengdu, 611756, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Southwest Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an Road, Chengdu, 611756, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Southwest Jiaotong University, Xi'an Road, Chengdu, 611756, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100629236","display_name":"Yinghui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3435-5649"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134419","display_name":"Neusoft (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/02zc84r97","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134419"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4400573292","display_name":"Chengdu Neusoft University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p9p1r69","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4400573292"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinghui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chengdu Neusoft University, Neusoft Road, Dujiangyan, 610000, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chengdu Neusoft University, Neusoft Road, Dujiangyan, 610000, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134419","https://openalex.org/I4400573292"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100357108","display_name":"Hongjun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7280-2852"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hongjun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Southwest Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an Road, Chengdu, 611756, Sichuan, China","School of Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Southwest Jiaotong University, Xi'an Road, Chengdu, 611756, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Southwest Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an Road, Chengdu, 611756, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Southwest Jiaotong University, Xi'an Road, Chengdu, 611756, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100300852","display_name":"Jin Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1473-5281"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an Road, Chengdu, 611756, Sichuan, China","School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Xi'an Road, Chengdu, 611756, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an Road, Chengdu, 611756, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Xi'an Road, Chengdu, 611756, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100357108"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"],"apc_list":{"value":1390,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1704},"apc_paid":{"value":1390,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1704},"fwci":0.1064,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.33441458,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9865999817848206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pairwise-comparison","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","score":0.7602893114089966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.7139793634414673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.6896586418151855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6741483211517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6370770931243896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-learning","display_name":"Feature learning","score":0.6319931745529175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5964319705963135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminant","display_name":"Discriminant","score":0.5893985629081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5845646262168884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.5631996393203735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.5214273929595947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.5184025764465332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4860225319862366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.45271575450897217}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.7602893114089966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7139793634414673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6896586418151855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6741483211517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6370770931243896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.6319931745529175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5964319705963135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78397625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192487","display_name":"Discriminant","level":2,"score":0.5893985629081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5845646262168884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.5631996393203735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.5214273929595947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.5184025764465332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4860225319862366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.45271575450897217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-023-00203-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s44196-023-00203-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-023-00203-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dd099d18b70744e98066c815aa869269","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dd099d18b70744e98066c815aa869269","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, Vol 16, Iss 1, Pp 1-14 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-023-00203-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s44196-023-00203-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-023-00203-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8063415298","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62276216","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4360980871.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W176175254","https://openalex.org/W1587559447","https://openalex.org/W1589137271","https://openalex.org/W1980287119","https://openalex.org/W1991207049","https://openalex.org/W2001141328","https://openalex.org/W2041616772","https://openalex.org/W2053186076","https://openalex.org/W2064608681","https://openalex.org/W2083620785","https://openalex.org/W2123092416","https://openalex.org/W2140405352","https://openalex.org/W2156838815","https://openalex.org/W2165232124","https://openalex.org/W2165835468","https://openalex.org/W2181151470","https://openalex.org/W2507470109","https://openalex.org/W2581151820","https://openalex.org/W2963954797","https://openalex.org/W3092628223","https://openalex.org/W3117784210","https://openalex.org/W3119903897","https://openalex.org/W3129623658","https://openalex.org/W3132087808","https://openalex.org/W3168367808","https://openalex.org/W3204580695","https://openalex.org/W4200542463","https://openalex.org/W4240297138","https://openalex.org/W4289950847"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2254323784","https://openalex.org/W2146076056","https://openalex.org/W2155880659","https://openalex.org/W2142899696","https://openalex.org/W2167440101","https://openalex.org/W1703430188","https://openalex.org/W2057055871","https://openalex.org/W2739275700","https://openalex.org/W2366853461","https://openalex.org/W4360980871"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,136],"purpose":[2],"of":[3,11,20,30,46,52,124,144],"feature":[4,33,55,68,121],"learning":[5,22,34,69,122],"is":[6,57,81,150],"to":[7,42,62,98,118],"obtain":[8],"effective":[9],"representation":[10,45,56,146],"the":[12,18,31,40,44,50,53,65,102,110,120,141],"raw":[13],"data":[14,41,47,54,134,145],"and":[15,93],"then":[16],"improve":[17,43],"performance":[19,123],"machine":[21],"algorithms":[23,35],"such":[24],"as":[25],"clustering":[26,91],"or":[27],"classification.":[28],"Some":[29],"existing":[32],"use":[36],"discriminant":[37,67],"information":[38],"in":[39,83,109],"features,":[48],"but":[49],"discrimination":[51],"not":[58],"enough.":[59],"In":[60,116],"order":[61,117],"further":[63,151],"enhance":[64],"discrimination,":[66],"based":[70],"on":[71,101,131],"t-distribution":[72],"stochastic":[73],"neighbor":[74],"embedding":[75],"guided":[76],"by":[77,90,148],"pairwise":[78,88,96],"constraints":[79,89,97],"(pcDTSNE)":[80],"proposed":[82],"this":[84],"paper.":[85],"pcDTSNE":[86,149],"introduces":[87],"ensemble":[92],"uses":[94],"these":[95],"impose":[99],"penalties":[100],"objective":[103],"function,":[104],"which":[105],"makes":[106],"sample":[107],"points":[108],"mapping":[111],"space":[112],"present":[113],"stronger":[114],"discrimination.":[115],"verify":[119],"pcDTSNE,":[125],"extensive":[126],"experiments":[127],"are":[128],"carried":[129],"out":[130],"several":[132],"public":[133],"sets.":[135],"experimental":[137],"results":[138],"show":[139],"that":[140],"expression":[142],"ability":[143],"generated":[147],"improved.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T06:13:01.061226","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}