{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4308112364","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-022-00148-8","title":"Z-Transform-Based Profile Matching to Develop a Learning-Free Keyword Spotting Method for Handwritten Document Images","display_name":"Z-Transform-Based Profile Matching to Develop a Learning-Free Keyword Spotting Method for Handwritten Document Images","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4308112364","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-022-00148-8"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-022-00148-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-022-00148-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-022-00148-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-022-00148-8.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000603244","display_name":"Debanshu Banerjee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-1018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170979836","display_name":"Jadavpur University","ror":"https://ror.org/02af4h012","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170979836"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Debanshu Banerjee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Metallurgical and Material Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Metallurgical and Material Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170979836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035248425","display_name":"Pratik Bhowal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8324-0477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170979836","display_name":"Jadavpur University","ror":"https://ror.org/02af4h012","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170979836"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pratik Bhowal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Instrumentation and Electronics Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Instrumentation and Electronics Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170979836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012409289","display_name":"Samir Malakar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4217-2372"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samir Malakar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Asutosh College, Kolkata, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Asutosh College, Kolkata, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104045846","display_name":"Erik Cuevas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193181351","display_name":"Universidad de Guadalajara","ror":"https://ror.org/043xj7k26","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193181351"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erik Cuevas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Electr\u00f3nica, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Electr\u00f3nica, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193181351"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003319227","display_name":"Marco P\u00e9rez\u2010Cisneros","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6493-0408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193181351","display_name":"Universidad de Guadalajara","ror":"https://ror.org/043xj7k26","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193181351"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marco P\u00e9rez\u2011Cisneros","raw_affiliation_strings":["Divisi\u00f3n de Tecnolog\u00edas Para La Integraci\u00f3n Ciber-Humana, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6493-0408","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Divisi\u00f3n de Tecnolog\u00edas Para La Integraci\u00f3n Ciber-Humana, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193181351"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082599641","display_name":"Ram Sarkar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8813-4086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170979836","display_name":"Jadavpur University","ror":"https://ror.org/02af4h012","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170979836"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ram Sarkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170979836"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003319227"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193181351"],"apc_list":{"value":1390,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1704},"apc_paid":{"value":1390,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1704},"fwci":0.203,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.49053231,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8550539612770081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5495386123657227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keyword-spotting","display_name":"Keyword spotting","score":0.5043946504592896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting","display_name":"Handwriting","score":0.5011913776397705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.4600541293621063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4519708454608917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spotting","display_name":"Spotting","score":0.4329097867012024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.4283671975135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.38382962346076965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.37050408124923706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.33603736758232117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.16788095235824585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10134369134902954}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8550539612770081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5495386123657227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781213101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398558","display_name":"Keyword spotting","level":2,"score":0.5043946504592896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779386606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393642","display_name":"Handwriting","level":2,"score":0.5011913776397705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4600541293621063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4519708454608917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779506182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7580141","display_name":"Spotting","level":2,"score":0.4329097867012024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4283671975135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.38382962346076965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.37050408124923706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.33603736758232117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.16788095235824585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10134369134902954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-022-00148-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-022-00148-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-022-00148-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1b066309ff5048ae919338d231c153fb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1b066309ff5048ae919338d231c153fb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, Vol 15, Iss 1, Pp 1-22 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-022-00148-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-022-00148-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-022-00148-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311382","display_name":"Jadavpur University","ror":"https://ror.org/02af4h012"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4308112364.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1559755538","https://openalex.org/W1969408022","https://openalex.org/W1971732412","https://openalex.org/W1980083143","https://openalex.org/W1996226495","https://openalex.org/W2024996570","https://openalex.org/W2037015559","https://openalex.org/W2038039799","https://openalex.org/W2072058045","https://openalex.org/W2082204984","https://openalex.org/W2091802401","https://openalex.org/W2100478624","https://openalex.org/W2152928267","https://openalex.org/W2154705238","https://openalex.org/W2167471901","https://openalex.org/W2434333944","https://openalex.org/W2573177960","https://openalex.org/W2575351849","https://openalex.org/W2578535984","https://openalex.org/W2586846869","https://openalex.org/W2594443378","https://openalex.org/W2737137971","https://openalex.org/W2787247660","https://openalex.org/W2787542374","https://openalex.org/W2794752813","https://openalex.org/W2795728481","https://openalex.org/W2800906702","https://openalex.org/W2801622026","https://openalex.org/W2808077099","https://openalex.org/W2883188832","https://openalex.org/W2884965756","https://openalex.org/W2963908984","https://openalex.org/W2963924711","https://openalex.org/W2966126763","https://openalex.org/W2970119961","https://openalex.org/W3014319683","https://openalex.org/W3027382390","https://openalex.org/W3033873259","https://openalex.org/W3034130800","https://openalex.org/W3045383739","https://openalex.org/W3080702232","https://openalex.org/W3082891086","https://openalex.org/W3118846216","https://openalex.org/W3131042689","https://openalex.org/W3141565715","https://openalex.org/W3160260209","https://openalex.org/W3177435248","https://openalex.org/W3182101803","https://openalex.org/W4200170431","https://openalex.org/W4210319969","https://openalex.org/W4226081073","https://openalex.org/W4229971152","https://openalex.org/W4241698512"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2918559346","https://openalex.org/W3119978414","https://openalex.org/W2114097550","https://openalex.org/W2545741539","https://openalex.org/W2516975559","https://openalex.org/W3206647229","https://openalex.org/W4286904253","https://openalex.org/W2000885660","https://openalex.org/W1969408022","https://openalex.org/W1989658893"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"For":[1],"easy":[2],"accessibility":[3],"of":[4,24,29,41,86,97,163,177,197,200,223],"the":[5,8,22,27,30,39,42,102,112,142,146,151,161,164,171,175,180,185,193,198,201,207,219],"information":[6],"from":[7,129],"digitized":[9],"document":[10],"images,":[11],"optical":[12],"character":[13],"recognition":[14],"(OCR)-based":[15],"software":[16],"can":[17,79],"be":[18,80],"used.":[19],"But":[20],"in":[21,170],"case":[23],"handwritten":[25,87],"documents,":[26],"performance":[28,230],"state-of-the-art":[31,233],"OCR":[32],"systems":[33],"is":[34,62],"not":[35],"satisfactory":[36,229],"owing":[37],"to":[38,82,100,139,205,218,232,238],"complexity":[40],"unconstrained":[43],"handwriting.":[44],"Hence,":[45],"research":[46],"affinity":[47],"comes":[48],"up":[49],"with":[50,111],"an":[51,67,189],"alternative":[52],"solution":[53],"for":[54,179],"this":[55,90],"problem":[56],"called":[57],"keyword":[58],"spotting":[59],"(KWS)":[60],"which":[61,214],"much":[63],"more":[64],"practical":[65],"than":[66],"OCR-based":[68],"solution.":[69],"This":[70],"work":[71],"proposes":[72],"a":[73,83,94],"novel":[74],"learning-free":[75,234],"KWS":[76],"method":[77,227],"that":[78],"applied":[81,237],"heterogeneous":[84],"collection":[85],"documents.":[88],"In":[89],"work,":[91],"we":[92,136,159,187],"introduce":[93],"new":[95],"way":[96],"profile":[98],"matching":[99],"compare":[101,160],"query":[103,119,147,154,165,168,203],"word":[104,132,148],"profiles":[105,128,162,199],"(i.e.,":[106,155],"both":[107,118],"upper":[108],"and":[109,120,125,149,166,212,256],"lower)":[110],"target":[113,121],"words\u2019":[114],"profiles.":[115],"At":[116],"first,":[117],"words":[122,144,169,204],"are":[123,133],"binarized,":[124],"then":[126],"two":[127],"each":[130],"such":[131],"generated.":[134],"Next,":[135],"formulate":[137],"rules":[138],"filter":[140],"out":[141],"irrelevant":[143],"concerning":[145],"obtain":[150],"probable":[152],"candidate":[153,167,202],"target)":[156],"words.":[157],"Then":[158],"Z-transform":[172],"domain":[173],"using":[174],"condition":[176],"resonance":[178],"damped":[181],"oscillator.":[182],"However,":[183],"before":[184],"match,":[186],"perform":[188],"affine":[190],"transformation":[191],"on":[192],"Bezier":[194],"curve":[195],"representation":[196],"reduce":[206],"effects":[208],"like":[209],"scaling,":[210],"rotation,":[211],"shearing":[213],"might":[215],"occur":[216],"due":[217],"variant":[220],"writing":[221],"styles":[222],"individuals.":[224],"The":[225],"proposed":[226],"achieves":[228],"compared":[231],"methods":[235],"when":[236],"four":[239],"publicly":[240],"available":[241],"standard":[242],"datasets":[243],"namely":[244],"ICFHR":[245,251,257],"2014":[246],"H-KWS":[247,253,259],"competition":[248,254,260],"Modern,":[249],"IAM,":[250],"2016":[252,258],"Botany":[255],"Konzilsprotokolle":[261],"datasets.":[262]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
