{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161489476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-01420-y","title":"A review of artificial intelligence and craniofacial imaging approaches for obstructive sleep apnea detection in children","display_name":"A review of artificial intelligence and craniofacial imaging approaches for obstructive sleep apnea detection in children","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161489476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-01420-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-026-01420-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-01420-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-01420-y","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126762402","display_name":"Soulaimane Bahi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087544","display_name":"\u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure Casablanca","ror":"https://ror.org/0052qvr31","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087544"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99297268","display_name":"University of Hassan II Casablanca","ror":"https://ror.org/001q4kn48","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99297268"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Soulaimane Bahi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Informatics, Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Security (2IACS), \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de l\u2019Enseignement Technique (ENSET), Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Informatics, Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Security (2IACS), \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de l\u2019Enseignement Technique (ENSET), Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087544","https://openalex.org/I99297268"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044834421","display_name":"Mohamed Youssfi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2842-9880"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087544","display_name":"\u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure Casablanca","ror":"https://ror.org/0052qvr31","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087544"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99297268","display_name":"University of Hassan II Casablanca","ror":"https://ror.org/001q4kn48","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99297268"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Youssfi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Informatics, Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Security (2IACS), \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de l\u2019Enseignement Technique (ENSET), Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Informatics, Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Security (2IACS), \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de l\u2019Enseignement Technique (ENSET), Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087544","https://openalex.org/I99297268"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046591901","display_name":"Abdelmajid Bousselham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5458-2294"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087544","display_name":"\u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure Casablanca","ror":"https://ror.org/0052qvr31","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087544"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99297268","display_name":"University of Hassan II Casablanca","ror":"https://ror.org/001q4kn48","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99297268"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdelmajid Bousselham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Informatics, Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Security (2IACS), \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de l\u2019Enseignement Technique (ENSET), Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Informatics, Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Security (2IACS), \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de l\u2019Enseignement Technique (ENSET), Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087544","https://openalex.org/I99297268"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012690555","display_name":"Sara Retal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9980-4911"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087544","display_name":"\u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure Casablanca","ror":"https://ror.org/0052qvr31","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087544"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99297268","display_name":"University of Hassan II Casablanca","ror":"https://ror.org/001q4kn48","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99297268"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sara Retal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Informatics, Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Security (2IACS), \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de l\u2019Enseignement Technique (ENSET), Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Informatics, Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Security (2IACS), \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de l\u2019Enseignement Technique (ENSET), Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087544","https://openalex.org/I99297268"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136336766","display_name":"Ouajih Ramzi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087544","display_name":"\u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure Casablanca","ror":"https://ror.org/0052qvr31","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087544"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99297268","display_name":"University of Hassan II Casablanca","ror":"https://ror.org/001q4kn48","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99297268"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ouajih Ramzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Informatics, Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Security (2IACS), \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de l\u2019Enseignement Technique (ENSET), Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Informatics, Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Security (2IACS), \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de l\u2019Enseignement Technique (ENSET), Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087544","https://openalex.org/I99297268"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5126762402"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087544","https://openalex.org/I99297268"],"apc_list":{"value":1340,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1340},"apc_paid":{"value":1340,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1340},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53246784,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10234","display_name":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10234","display_name":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10316","display_name":"Sleep and related disorders","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obstructive-sleep-apnea","display_name":"Obstructive sleep apnea","score":0.7835999727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polysomnography","display_name":"Polysomnography","score":0.6775000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/craniofacial","display_name":"Craniofacial","score":0.6438000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gold-standard","display_name":"Gold standard (test)","score":0.5695000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep-apnea","display_name":"Sleep apnea","score":0.42800000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/craniofacial-abnormality","display_name":"Craniofacial abnormality","score":0.3077000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","score":0.2964000105857849}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776006263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16606552","display_name":"Obstructive sleep apnea","level":2,"score":0.7835999727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.710099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778205975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754874","display_name":"Polysomnography","level":3,"score":0.6775000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781245598","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5182134","display_name":"Craniofacial","level":2,"score":0.6438000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40993552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514654","display_name":"Gold standard (test)","level":2,"score":0.5695000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777935920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213600","display_name":"Sleep apnea","level":2,"score":0.42800000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.3467999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.3418999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33649998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.3077000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778951934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5182137","display_name":"Craniofacial abnormality","level":3,"score":0.3077000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775841894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4683692","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","level":2,"score":0.2964000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.2906999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777081826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2418904","display_name":"Cephalometry","level":2,"score":0.2879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.2856000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534262118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781326671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754424","display_name":"Apnea","level":2,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020132585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2671652","display_name":"Diagnostic accuracy","level":2,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.25519999861717224}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-026-01420-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-01420-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:de269ae536454e62b88991cff90f2aed","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/de269ae536454e62b88991cff90f2aed","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence, Vol 6, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-026-01420-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-01420-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5327341556549072}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":103,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8779288","https://openalex.org/W1543410833","https://openalex.org/W1588566131","https://openalex.org/W1977957829","https://openalex.org/W2005313201","https://openalex.org/W2009728974","https://openalex.org/W2011839841","https://openalex.org/W2011971490","https://openalex.org/W2023350909","https://openalex.org/W2028548829","https://openalex.org/W2045958086","https://openalex.org/W2054417035","https://openalex.org/W2062333330","https://openalex.org/W2073744318","https://openalex.org/W2080344444","https://openalex.org/W2087570686","https://openalex.org/W2088139330","https://openalex.org/W2091963376","https://openalex.org/W2094632142","https://openalex.org/W2107391591","https://openalex.org/W2117257648","https://openalex.org/W2120447735","https://openalex.org/W2124052130","https://openalex.org/W2125449911","https://openalex.org/W2127568743","https://openalex.org/W2143833808","https://openalex.org/W2148037653","https://openalex.org/W2151227735","https://openalex.org/W2154277730","https://openalex.org/W2156106389","https://openalex.org/W2160412346","https://openalex.org/W2163872762","https://openalex.org/W2189804150","https://openalex.org/W2190236223","https://openalex.org/W2320782507","https://openalex.org/W2340514036","https://openalex.org/W2399849466","https://openalex.org/W2474099018","https://openalex.org/W2483520518","https://openalex.org/W2529050028","https://openalex.org/W2557084792","https://openalex.org/W2767601481","https://openalex.org/W2790085720","https://openalex.org/W2886524440","https://openalex.org/W2894559812","https://openalex.org/W2910728592","https://openalex.org/W2921222366","https://openalex.org/W2972252386","https://openalex.org/W2982698631","https://openalex.org/W3000203257","https://openalex.org/W3007368404","https://openalex.org/W3014725478","https://openalex.org/W3015607993","https://openalex.org/W3040107450","https://openalex.org/W3042039352","https://openalex.org/W3043185146","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3120723148","https://openalex.org/W3122766673","https://openalex.org/W3144643942","https://openalex.org/W3150190988","https://openalex.org/W3153918538","https://openalex.org/W3188109596","https://openalex.org/W3193907493","https://openalex.org/W3210619311","https://openalex.org/W4213452922","https://openalex.org/W4243260104","https://openalex.org/W4282940352","https://openalex.org/W4283315660","https://openalex.org/W4283579626","https://openalex.org/W4292240084","https://openalex.org/W4293659629","https://openalex.org/W4296032659","https://openalex.org/W4297855386","https://openalex.org/W4310639246","https://openalex.org/W4311744400","https://openalex.org/W4319825997","https://openalex.org/W4321213199","https://openalex.org/W4324373257","https://openalex.org/W4361028040","https://openalex.org/W4362469824","https://openalex.org/W4366420457","https://openalex.org/W4383058574","https://openalex.org/W4385185785","https://openalex.org/W4386525300","https://openalex.org/W4387732663","https://openalex.org/W4390238534","https://openalex.org/W4390753989","https://openalex.org/W4393187798","https://openalex.org/W4393191744","https://openalex.org/W4394857110","https://openalex.org/W4399376539","https://openalex.org/W4400525213","https://openalex.org/W4401503494","https://openalex.org/W4401578980","https://openalex.org/W4403736063","https://openalex.org/W4405601733","https://openalex.org/W4405642689","https://openalex.org/W4408215773","https://openalex.org/W4408831571","https://openalex.org/W4411118661","https://openalex.org/W4411293057","https://openalex.org/W7131354641"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pediatric":[0],"obstructive":[1],"sleep":[2,8],"apnea":[3],"(OSA)":[4],"is":[5,29,39],"a":[6,22,43],"serious":[7],"disorder":[9],"that":[10,112],"can":[11],"lead":[12],"to":[13,46,89,96,150],"long-term":[14],"consequences,":[15],"including":[16,82,121],"learning":[17,84,87],"difficulties,":[18],"cardiovascular":[19],"problems,":[20],"and":[21,48,79,85,91,110,118,127,138,147,154],"delayed":[23],"physical":[24],"development.":[25],"Although":[26],"polysomnography":[27],"(PSG)":[28],"an":[30],"established":[31],"gold":[32],"standard":[33],"of":[34,36,99,160],"diagnosis":[35],"OSA,":[37,120],"it":[38],"often":[40],"expensive,":[41],"takes":[42],"long":[44],"time":[45],"achieve,":[47],"may":[49],"not":[50],"be":[51],"very":[52],"attainable.":[53],"Nevertheless,":[54],"alternative":[55],"diagnostic":[56,131],"measures":[57,156],"have":[58],"been":[59],"examined,":[60],"particularly":[61],"those":[62,122],"focusing":[63],"on":[64],"craniofacial":[65],"features.":[66],"In":[67,133],"this":[68],"review,":[69],"we":[70,141],"outline":[71],"both":[72],"manual":[73,101],"approaches,":[74,140],"such":[75],"as":[76],"cephalometric":[77],"analysis,":[78],"AI-based":[80],"techniques,":[81],"machine":[83],"deep":[86],"applied":[88],"medical":[90],"facial":[92,116],"images,":[93],"which":[94],"aim":[95],"automate":[97],"parts":[98],"the":[100,143],"assessment":[102],"process.":[103],"We":[104],"review":[105],"studies":[106],"published":[107],"between":[108,115],"2000":[109],"2025":[111],"explored":[113],"associations":[114],"characteristics":[117],"pediatric":[119],"integrating":[123],"imaging":[124],"with":[125],"clinical":[126],"demographic":[128],"data":[129],"for":[130,157],"prediction.":[132],"identifying":[134],"trends":[135],"in":[136,162],"traditional":[137],"AI":[139],"identify":[142],"current":[144],"status,":[145],"hurdles,":[146],"future":[148],"opportunities":[149],"develop":[151],"more":[152],"accessible":[153],"accurate":[155],"early":[158],"detection":[159],"OSA":[161],"children.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2026-05-18T00:00:00"}