{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131229396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-01038-0","title":"Enablers and barriers to AI adoption: evidence from the heavy machinery industry","display_name":"Enablers and barriers to AI adoption: evidence from the heavy machinery industry","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131229396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-01038-0"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-026-01038-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-01038-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-01038-0","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027036882","display_name":"Alena Valtonen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3532-8287"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109212","display_name":"National Defence University","ror":"https://ror.org/01js4x705","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109212"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alena Valtonen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial Engineering and Management, LUT University, Mukkulankatu 19, 15210, Lahti, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3532-8287","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Engineering and Management, LUT University, Mukkulankatu 19, 15210, Lahti, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047886281","display_name":"Kirsi Kokkonen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9240-9123"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63548447","display_name":"Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0208vgz68","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63548447"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kirsi Kokkonen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial Engineering and Management, LUT University, Yliopistonkatu 34, 53850, Lappeenranta, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9240-9123","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Engineering and Management, LUT University, Yliopistonkatu 34, 53850, Lappeenranta, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63548447"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Minna Saunila","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8952-6102"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109212","display_name":"National Defence University","ror":"https://ror.org/01js4x705","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109212"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minna Saunila","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial Engineering and Management, LUT University, Mukkulankatu 19, 15210, Lahti, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8952-6102","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Engineering and Management, LUT University, Mukkulankatu 19, 15210, Lahti, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Francesco Verdoja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9551-6186"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Verdoja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, Otakaari 24, 02150, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9551-6186","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, Otakaari 24, 02150, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030992887","display_name":"Grzegorz Orzechowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3252-1236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109212","display_name":"National Defence University","ror":"https://ror.org/01js4x705","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109212"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Grzegorz Orzechowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical Engineering, LUT University, Mukkulankatu 19, 15210, Lahti, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3252-1236","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical Engineering, LUT University, Mukkulankatu 19, 15210, Lahti, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029551303","display_name":"Emil Kurvinen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0750-1679"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emil Kurvinen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Materials and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran Katu 1, 90570, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0750-1679","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Materials and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran Katu 1, 90570, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126717192","display_name":"P\u00e4ivi Aaltonen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63548447","display_name":"Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0208vgz68","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63548447"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P\u00e4ivi Aaltonen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Business and Management, LUT University, Yliopistonkatu 34, 53850, Lappeenranta, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1750-7671","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Business and Management, LUT University, Yliopistonkatu 34, 53850, Lappeenranta, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63548447"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095705251","display_name":"Jussi Salakka","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jussi Salakka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Materials and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran Katu 1, 90570, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-8379","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Materials and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran Katu 1, 90570, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027036882"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109212"],"apc_list":{"value":990,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1067},"apc_paid":{"value":990,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1067},"fwci":15.5305,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97850842,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.3776000142097473,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.3776000142097473,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11891","display_name":"Big Data and Business Intelligence","score":0.09070000052452087,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.024700000882148743,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5928000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orchestration","display_name":"Orchestration","score":0.5181999802589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4465000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.44350001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industry-4.0","display_name":"Industry 4.0","score":0.41019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maturity","display_name":"Maturity (psychological)","score":0.3801000118255615}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5928000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.5903000235557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199168358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3367000","display_name":"Orchestration","level":3,"score":0.5181999802589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.4950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4465000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.44350001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.41280001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777986313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1661989","display_name":"Industry 4.0","level":2,"score":0.41019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.38760000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101433766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3543263","display_name":"Maturity (psychological)","level":2,"score":0.3801000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759524","display_name":"Organizational structure","level":2,"score":0.28949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137996800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q762702","display_name":"Technological change","level":2,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.27000001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017995491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19483216","display_name":"Organizational change","level":2,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2574999928474426}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-026-01038-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-01038-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/144095","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/ed0fd899-4c39-41fb-a404-731053becc2f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401662","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:62f7733286fe462ca24bd59b4b9a27bf","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/62f7733286fe462ca24bd59b4b9a27bf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence, Vol 6, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-026-01038-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-01038-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328501","display_name":"Business Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05bgf9v38"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967652316","https://openalex.org/W1983478509","https://openalex.org/W1986751511","https://openalex.org/W1987158432","https://openalex.org/W1989899781","https://openalex.org/W1992946332","https://openalex.org/W2187585245","https://openalex.org/W2590255024","https://openalex.org/W2615755507","https://openalex.org/W2884686506","https://openalex.org/W2895144199","https://openalex.org/W2902557953","https://openalex.org/W2902608203","https://openalex.org/W2963432517","https://openalex.org/W2963849010","https://openalex.org/W2978481541","https://openalex.org/W2990445980","https://openalex.org/W2999133941","https://openalex.org/W3004514586","https://openalex.org/W3005778784","https://openalex.org/W3013998503","https://openalex.org/W3018303442","https://openalex.org/W3093033010","https://openalex.org/W3093090100","https://openalex.org/W3097917088","https://openalex.org/W3112318383","https://openalex.org/W3121180210","https://openalex.org/W3129844933","https://openalex.org/W3136082105","https://openalex.org/W3137437996","https://openalex.org/W3138523568","https://openalex.org/W3166685353","https://openalex.org/W3170554175","https://openalex.org/W3184144688","https://openalex.org/W3202918932","https://openalex.org/W3203241482","https://openalex.org/W3210088666","https://openalex.org/W4210282735","https://openalex.org/W4212904261","https://openalex.org/W4214622289","https://openalex.org/W4224007783","https://openalex.org/W4224282890","https://openalex.org/W4224314734","https://openalex.org/W4226100370","https://openalex.org/W4241315575","https://openalex.org/W4285891102","https://openalex.org/W4312740511","https://openalex.org/W4313008974","https://openalex.org/W4317395252","https://openalex.org/W4386178383","https://openalex.org/W4386821968","https://openalex.org/W4391170963","https://openalex.org/W4391693527","https://openalex.org/W4392620622","https://openalex.org/W4393302582","https://openalex.org/W4397013824","https://openalex.org/W4400856800","https://openalex.org/W4401536151","https://openalex.org/W4401803563","https://openalex.org/W4406847965","https://openalex.org/W4408654588","https://openalex.org/W4409255002","https://openalex.org/W4410828593","https://openalex.org/W4411102473","https://openalex.org/W4411845869","https://openalex.org/W4412583966","https://openalex.org/W4413162754"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Artificial":[1],"intelligence":[2],"(AI)":[3],"holds":[4],"significant":[5],"potential":[6],"for":[7,133],"heavy":[8,39,146],"machinery":[9,40,147],"manufacturing,":[10,148],"yet":[11],"adoption":[12,33,55,80,153,168],"in":[13,116],"this":[14,149],"safety\u2013critical":[15],"and":[16,22,29,47,70,97,109,119,125,140,160,164],"highly":[17],"customized":[18],"industry":[19],"remains":[20],"limited":[21],"insufficiently":[23],"understood.":[24],"This":[25],"study":[26,37,150],"examines":[27],"enablers":[28,163],"barriers":[30,165],"to":[31,155],"AI":[32,54,103,152,167],"through":[34],"a":[35,76,87,107],"multiple-case":[36],"of":[38],"manufacturers,":[41],"analyzing":[42],"dynamics":[43],"across":[44,82],"external,":[45],"organizational,":[46,139],"individual":[48],"levels.":[49,84],"The":[50],"findings":[51],"show":[52],"that":[53],"is":[56,131],"shaped":[57],"less":[58],"by":[59,63,91],"technological":[60,135],"maturity":[61],"than":[62],"safety":[64],"requirements,":[65],"regulatory":[66],"complexity,":[67],"organizational":[68],"capabilities,":[69],"human":[71,141],"expertise.":[72],"Safety":[73],"emerges":[74],"as":[75,123],"central":[77],"lens":[78],"guiding":[79],"decisions":[81],"all":[83],"Simulation":[85],"plays":[86],"key":[88],"enabling":[89],"role":[90],"supporting":[92],"safe":[93],"development,":[94],"validation,":[95],"training,":[96],"coordination,":[98],"while":[99],"reducing":[100],"uncertainty":[101],"about":[102],"reliability.":[104],"Adoption":[105],"follows":[106],"hybrid":[108],"incremental":[110],"logic,":[111],"with":[112,137],"firms":[113],"retaining":[114],"humans":[115],"the":[117],"loop":[118],"expanding":[120],"AI-supported":[121],"decision-making":[122],"reliability":[124],"confidence":[126],"increase.":[127],"Organizational":[128],"orchestration":[129],"capability":[130],"critical":[132],"aligning":[134],"possibilities":[136],"regulatory,":[138],"constraints.":[142],"By":[143],"focusing":[144],"on":[145],"extends":[151],"research":[154],"an":[156],"underexplored":[157],"industrial":[158],"context":[159],"clarifies":[161],"how":[162],"shape":[166],"pathways.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-02-25T00:00:00"}