{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128795850","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-00960-7","title":"Systematic review of machine and deep learning models for unmanned aerial vehicles cyber threat\u00a0defense","display_name":"Systematic review of machine and deep learning models for unmanned aerial vehicles cyber threat\u00a0defense","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128795850","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-00960-7"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-026-00960-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-00960-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-00960-7","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125962862","display_name":"Usman Tariq","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142608572","display_name":"Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/04jt46d36","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Usman Tariq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7672-1187","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034250987","display_name":"Tariq Ahamed Ahanger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4525-0738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142608572","display_name":"Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/04jt46d36","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tariq Ahamed Ahanger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4525-0738","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003893825","display_name":"Mansoor Ihsan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8753-7884"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165678365","display_name":"University of Greater Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/01t884y44","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165678365"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mansoor Ihsan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Greater Manchester, Deane Rd, Bolton, BL3 5AB, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8753-7884","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Greater Manchester, Deane Rd, Bolton, BL3 5AB, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165678365"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5125962862"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"],"apc_list":{"value":1340,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1340},"apc_paid":{"value":1340,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1340},"fwci":5.1714,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91666667,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.8806999921798706,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.8806999921798706,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.06650000065565109,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11489","display_name":"Air Traffic Management and Optimization","score":0.004800000227987766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drone","display_name":"Drone","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.6668000221252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6549000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.4887000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.48669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.4781999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.46560001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/threat-model","display_name":"Threat model","score":0.3993000090122223}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59519942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650665","display_name":"Drone","level":2,"score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.6668000221252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6549000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6492999792098999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5296000242233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4887000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.48669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.4781999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.46560001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140547941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7797194","display_name":"Threat model","level":2,"score":0.3993000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3675000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29852176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373338","display_name":"Critical infrastructure","level":2,"score":0.33820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780771206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3271761","display_name":"Safeguard","level":2,"score":0.33730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145804949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478123","display_name":"Situation awareness","level":2,"score":0.32910001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167063184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400839","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","level":3,"score":0.3271999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124119293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6046081","display_name":"Interdiction","level":2,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.26460000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.263700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.257999986410141}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-026-00960-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-00960-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a91b3ff2f99e4e0292c746dc81ccc241","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a91b3ff2f99e4e0292c746dc81ccc241","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence, Vol 6, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-026-00960-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-00960-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5546639776","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PSAU/2025/01/36222","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334464","funder_display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334464","display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":95,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2964266016","https://openalex.org/W3034170716","https://openalex.org/W3082439111","https://openalex.org/W3086259122","https://openalex.org/W3087229012","https://openalex.org/W3117671665","https://openalex.org/W3130916947","https://openalex.org/W3156089158","https://openalex.org/W3164155579","https://openalex.org/W3167680842","https://openalex.org/W3189343069","https://openalex.org/W3216155963","https://openalex.org/W4206504716","https://openalex.org/W4206755831","https://openalex.org/W4212878229","https://openalex.org/W4212958548","https://openalex.org/W4221061208","https://openalex.org/W4225685429","https://openalex.org/W4285214574","https://openalex.org/W4286377591","https://openalex.org/W4292387502","https://openalex.org/W4296328984","https://openalex.org/W4309703408","https://openalex.org/W4312709822","https://openalex.org/W4316506832","https://openalex.org/W4319999820","https://openalex.org/W4328007770","https://openalex.org/W4362582226","https://openalex.org/W4379931192","https://openalex.org/W4386390767","https://openalex.org/W4386952049","https://openalex.org/W4387055971","https://openalex.org/W4390870525","https://openalex.org/W4391093551","https://openalex.org/W4391131841","https://openalex.org/W4391508091","https://openalex.org/W4393930390","https://openalex.org/W4394746143","https://openalex.org/W4395023553","https://openalex.org/W4395056507","https://openalex.org/W4396831127","https://openalex.org/W4399311127","https://openalex.org/W4399743511","https://openalex.org/W4400072132","https://openalex.org/W4400270201","https://openalex.org/W4400420121","https://openalex.org/W4401537029","https://openalex.org/W4401542417","https://openalex.org/W4401820158","https://openalex.org/W4401826480","https://openalex.org/W4402436188","https://openalex.org/W4402760830","https://openalex.org/W4402765377","https://openalex.org/W4402989544","https://openalex.org/W4403022153","https://openalex.org/W4404189901","https://openalex.org/W4404627958","https://openalex.org/W4404692154","https://openalex.org/W4405073808","https://openalex.org/W4405235076","https://openalex.org/W4405520993","https://openalex.org/W4405722384","https://openalex.org/W4405786728","https://openalex.org/W4405812232","https://openalex.org/W4405993317","https://openalex.org/W4406241987","https://openalex.org/W4406258893","https://openalex.org/W4406421230","https://openalex.org/W4407107435","https://openalex.org/W4407255624","https://openalex.org/W4407457013","https://openalex.org/W4407900366","https://openalex.org/W4407903375","https://openalex.org/W4407937476","https://openalex.org/W4408222562","https://openalex.org/W4408280841","https://openalex.org/W4408298187","https://openalex.org/W4408790769","https://openalex.org/W4409225672","https://openalex.org/W4409328818","https://openalex.org/W4409427170","https://openalex.org/W4410628584","https://openalex.org/W4410924744","https://openalex.org/W4411231990","https://openalex.org/W4411715807","https://openalex.org/W4411845177","https://openalex.org/W4412150432","https://openalex.org/W4412567651","https://openalex.org/W4412972307","https://openalex.org/W4413098798","https://openalex.org/W4413167306","https://openalex.org/W4414701180","https://openalex.org/W4415047899","https://openalex.org/W4415795101","https://openalex.org/W6888585536"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unmanned":[0],"Aerial":[1],"Vehicles":[2],"(UAVs)":[3],"have":[4],"become":[5],"integral":[6],"to":[7,26,38,117,122,177],"defense,":[8],"logistics,":[9],"and":[10,21,31,50,61,73,94,102,125,138,148,166,173,180],"industrial":[11],"systems,":[12],"yet":[13,145],"their":[14],"dependence":[15],"on":[16,84],"wireless":[17],"links,":[18],"satellite":[19],"navigation,":[20],"onboard":[22],"processing":[23],"exposes":[24],"them":[25],"growing":[27],"cybersecurity":[28,165],"threats.":[29],"Machine":[30],"deep":[32,130],"learning":[33,89,175],"methods":[34],"are":[35,141],"increasingly":[36],"used":[37],"safeguard":[39],"these":[40,88],"systems":[41,176],"through":[42],"intelligent":[43],"intrusion":[44],"detection,":[45],"spoofing":[46],"&":[47],"jamming":[48],"identification,":[49],"automated":[51],"threat":[52],"response.":[53],"Recent":[54],"research":[55],"reveals":[56],"that":[57],"convolutional,":[58],"recurrent,":[59],"generative,":[60],"federated":[62],"neural":[63],"models":[64,90],"outperform":[65],"traditional":[66],"security":[67,105],"techniques":[68],"by":[69],"detecting":[70],"complex":[71,75],"attack":[72],"evolving":[74],"patterns":[76],"while":[77],"also":[78],"supporting":[79],"rapid,":[80],"on-board":[81],"decision":[82],"making":[83],"resource-constrained":[85],"UAV.":[86],"Integrating":[87],"with":[91],"blockchain,":[92],"edge,":[93],"fog":[95],"computing":[96],"enhances":[97],"data":[98],"integrity,":[99],"reduce":[100],"latency,":[101],"improve":[103],"coordinated":[104],"across":[106],"UAV":[107,164],"networks.":[108],"Still,":[109],"practical":[110],"deployment":[111],"faces":[112],"challenges":[113],"such":[114],"as":[115],"vulnerability":[116],"adversarial":[118],"attacks,":[119],"limited":[120],"access":[121],"standardized":[123],"datasets,":[124],"the":[126,159,168],"opaque":[127],"nature":[128],"of":[129],"model":[131,136],"decisions.":[132],"Advances":[133],"in":[134,162,184],"lightweight":[135],"design":[137],"attention-based":[139],"mechanisms":[140],"improving":[142],"real-time":[143],"performance,":[144],"ethical,":[146],"regulatory,":[147],"privacy":[149],"issues":[150],"around":[151],"autonomous":[152],"defense":[153],"remain":[154],"unresolved.":[155],"This":[156],"review":[157],"synthesis":[158],"latest":[160],"progress":[161],"AI-driven":[163],"highlights":[167],"need":[169],"for":[170],"explainable,":[171],"energy-efficient,":[172],"regulation-complaint":[174],"support":[178],"reliable":[179],"secure":[181],"drone":[182],"operations":[183],"hostile":[185],"environments.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2026-02-14T00:00:00"}
