{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133538642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-00936-7","title":"Geospatial AI for heritage risk assessment: a machine learning approach to safeguarding cultural landmarks","display_name":"Geospatial AI for heritage risk assessment: a machine learning approach to safeguarding cultural landmarks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133538642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-00936-7"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-026-00936-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-00936-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-00936-7","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128126152","display_name":"Sara El-Deeb","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96823368","display_name":"German University in Cairo","ror":"https://ror.org/03rjt0z37","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96823368"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sara El-Deeb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Marketing Department, Faculty of Management Technology, The German University in Cairo (GUC), Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Marketing Department, Faculty of Management Technology, The German University in Cairo (GUC), Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96823368"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128100272","display_name":"Osama Hussien","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Osama Hussien","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Northumbria University London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Northumbria University London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014590756","display_name":"Dieter Fritsch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5069-3915"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","display_name":"University of Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dieter Fritsch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Photogrammetry and Geoinformatics, University of Stuttgart, Geschwister-Scholl-Str. 24D, 70174, Stuttgart, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Photogrammetry and Geoinformatics, University of Stuttgart, Geschwister-Scholl-Str. 24D, 70174, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053601793","display_name":"Moustafa Baraka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5592-9146"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96823368","display_name":"German University in Cairo","ror":"https://ror.org/03rjt0z37","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96823368"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moustafa Ahmed Baraka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Civil Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Material Science, The German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Material Science, The German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96823368"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128110856","display_name":"Mona B. Anwar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96823368","display_name":"German University in Cairo","ror":"https://ror.org/03rjt0z37","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96823368"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mona B. Anwar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Civil Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Material Science, The German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Material Science, The German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96823368"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5128126152"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96823368"],"apc_list":{"value":990,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1067},"apc_paid":{"value":990,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1067},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.395,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12364","display_name":"Archaeological Research and Protection","score":0.6949999928474426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12364","display_name":"Archaeological Research and Protection","score":0.6949999928474426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.15410000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11846","display_name":"Cultural Heritage Management and Preservation","score":0.030700000002980232,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safeguarding","display_name":"Safeguarding","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geospatial-analysis","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","score":0.6312000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-heritage","display_name":"Cultural heritage","score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.2833999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-assessment","display_name":"Risk assessment","score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.27390000224113464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776743756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5097921","display_name":"Safeguarding","level":2,"score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9770341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.6312000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.521399974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45879998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.38429999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.30799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60671577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210272","display_name":"Cultural heritage","level":2,"score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.2833999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.27900001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.27239999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-026-00936-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-00936-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.18419/opus-18301","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:93-opus-ds-183200","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6afe0e06b1fb450fb1ff1e235744c110","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6afe0e06b1fb450fb1ff1e235744c110","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence, Vol 6, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-026-00936-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-00936-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6855700612068176}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W180190455","https://openalex.org/W1792544343","https://openalex.org/W2003014463","https://openalex.org/W2008662838","https://openalex.org/W2086573271","https://openalex.org/W2106964718","https://openalex.org/W2163051938","https://openalex.org/W2203026140","https://openalex.org/W2730188290","https://openalex.org/W2779765065","https://openalex.org/W2922238592","https://openalex.org/W2922534837","https://openalex.org/W2951906037","https://openalex.org/W2987739634","https://openalex.org/W3005743304","https://openalex.org/W3012199020","https://openalex.org/W3029826622","https://openalex.org/W3133964213","https://openalex.org/W3194810025","https://openalex.org/W4205099685","https://openalex.org/W4225016449","https://openalex.org/W4285097755","https://openalex.org/W4310224246","https://openalex.org/W4385679693","https://openalex.org/W4386010418","https://openalex.org/W4388297636","https://openalex.org/W4393851708","https://openalex.org/W4400196063","https://openalex.org/W4402786060","https://openalex.org/W4406068075"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traditional":[0],"heritage":[1,40,60,83,111,120,153,248,277],"risk":[2,125,166,175,241,278],"assessments":[3],"rely":[4],"on":[5,157],"manual":[6],"surveys":[7],"and":[8,15,53,67,91,101,108,161,172,186,226,250,265,296],"field":[9],"inspections,":[10],"which":[11],"are":[12],"often":[13],"time-consuming":[14],"may":[16],"fail":[17],"to":[18,56,59,105,234],"capture":[19],"evolving":[20],"risks":[21,58],"comprehensively.":[22],"In":[23],"contrast,":[24],"the":[25,74,204,210,238],"emergence":[26],"of":[27,77],"geospatial":[28,103,258],"big":[29],"data":[30,52,236],"presents":[31],"new":[32],"opportunities":[33],"for":[34,247,292],"leveraging":[35],"artificial":[36],"intelligence":[37],"(AI)":[38],"in":[39,298],"conservation.":[41],"This":[42,254],"study":[43,239,255],"introduces":[44],"an":[45],"innovative":[46],"methodology":[47],"that":[48,128,243,276],"integrates":[49],"remote":[50],"sensing":[51],"machine":[54,190],"learning":[55,191],"assess":[57],"sites.":[61,112],"Cairo,":[62],"Egypt,":[63],"with":[64,199,229],"its":[65,81],"vast":[66],"historically":[68],"significant":[69],"urban":[70,134,271,284],"heritage,":[71],"serves":[72],"as":[73,80,209],"focal":[75],"point":[76],"this":[78],"analysis,":[79],"cultural":[82,162],"(CH)":[84],"faces":[85],"increasing":[86],"threats":[87],"from":[88],"rapid":[89],"urbanization":[90],"development":[92,135],"pressures.":[93],"The":[94,113,273],"proposed":[95],"framework":[96,127],"utilizes":[97],"high-resolution":[98],"satellite":[99,224],"imagery":[100],"advanced":[102],"analytics":[104],"systematically":[106],"evaluate":[107],"prioritize":[109],"vulnerable":[110],"analysis":[114],"encompasses":[115],"9":[116],"districts,":[117],"covering":[118],"1476":[119],"sites,":[121],"using":[122,195],"a":[123],"novel":[124],"assessment":[126,155],"incorporates":[129],"four":[130],"key":[131],"components:":[132],"(1)":[133],"pressure":[136],"measured":[137],"through":[138],"building":[139,170,200],"density":[140,201],"at":[141,203],"multiple":[142],"radii":[143],"(50":[144],"m,":[145,147,149],"100":[146],"200":[148],"500":[150],"m);":[151],"(2)":[152],"vulnerability":[154],"based":[156],"site":[158],"age,":[159],"area,":[160],"significance;":[163],"(3)":[164],"isolation":[165],"determined":[167],"by":[168,282],"surrounding":[169],"counts;":[171],"(4)":[173],"environmental":[174,187],"factors":[176],"including":[177],"material":[178],"vulnerability,":[179],"natural":[180],"hazard":[181],"exposure,":[182],"emergency":[183],"response":[184],"limitations,":[185],"pollution.":[188],"Five":[189],"models":[192],"were":[193],"evaluated":[194],"rigorous":[196,231],"spatial":[197],"cross-validation,":[198],"metrics":[202],"50":[205],"m":[206],"radius":[207],"emerging":[208],"strongest":[211],"independent":[212],"predictors":[213],"(r":[214],"=":[215],"0.160,":[216],"p":[217],"<":[218],"0.001).":[219],"By":[220],"combining":[221],"OpenStreetMap":[222],"data,":[223],"imagery,":[225],"custom":[227],"algorithms":[228],"methodologically":[230],"feature":[232],"selection":[233],"prevent":[235],"leakage,":[237],"generates":[240],"scores":[242],"facilitate":[244],"data-driven":[245],"decision-making":[246],"preservation":[249],"sustainable":[251],"tourism":[252],"development.":[253],"demonstrates":[256],"how":[257],"AI":[259],"(GeoAI)":[260],"can":[261],"support":[262],"CH":[263],"preservation,":[264],"not":[266],"just":[267],"disaster":[268],"prediction":[269],"or":[270],"analysis.":[272],"findings":[274],"reveal":[275],"is":[279],"primarily":[280],"driven":[281],"immediate":[283],"context":[285],"rather":[286],"than":[287],"site-specific":[288],"characteristics,":[289],"offering":[290],"guidance":[291],"policymakers,":[293],"UNESCO,":[294],"NGOs,":[295],"developers":[297],"resource":[299],"allocation.":[300]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-08T15:41:06.802602","created_date":"2026-03-05T00:00:00"}