{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128476698","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-00875-3","title":"Eye tracking and handwritten text-based autism spectrum disorder detection in children using 2SASK-CNN","display_name":"Eye tracking and handwritten text-based autism spectrum disorder detection in children using 2SASK-CNN","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128476698","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-00875-3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-026-00875-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-00875-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-026-00875-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-026-00875-3.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125588935","display_name":"S. A. Karthik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"S. A. Karthik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125584063","display_name":"H. L. Gururaj","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"H. L. Gururaj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125510775","display_name":"J. Shreyas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Shreyas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5125584063","https://openalex.org/A5125588935"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"],"apc_list":{"value":1340,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1340},"apc_paid":{"value":1340,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1340},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14048471,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10106","display_name":"Autism Spectrum Disorder Research","score":0.6304000020027161,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10106","display_name":"Autism Spectrum Disorder Research","score":0.6304000020027161,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.07039999961853027,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.012799999676644802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autism-spectrum-disorder","display_name":"Autism spectrum disorder","score":0.7407000064849854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.5728999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5375999808311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4991999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4885999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.45739999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autism","display_name":"Autism","score":0.4489000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.3659999966621399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778538070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436063","display_name":"Autism spectrum disorder","level":3,"score":0.7407000064849854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6371999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.5728999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5375999808311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5182999968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4991999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4885999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.45739999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205778803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38404","display_name":"Autism","level":2,"score":0.4489000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.39980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.3513999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3028999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.289900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.2888999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777438025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339090","display_name":"Emotion recognition","level":2,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183553116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633546","display_name":"Eye contact","level":2,"score":0.2542000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2538999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153050134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760256","display_name":"Eye movement","level":2,"score":0.25360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778121785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q781083","display_name":"Augmentative and alternative communication","level":2,"score":0.25360000133514404}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-026-00875-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-00875-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-026-00875-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e6874e07f79e4d56b43b03c85ec75ffb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e6874e07f79e4d56b43b03c85ec75ffb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence, Vol 6, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-026-00875-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-00875-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-026-00875-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128476698.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128476698.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1993793414","https://openalex.org/W2045072863","https://openalex.org/W2097073572","https://openalex.org/W2113890143","https://openalex.org/W2145023731","https://openalex.org/W2165094119","https://openalex.org/W2263602591","https://openalex.org/W2498923140","https://openalex.org/W2770305551","https://openalex.org/W2979713278","https://openalex.org/W2990504128","https://openalex.org/W3159861189","https://openalex.org/W3167761723","https://openalex.org/W3171575361","https://openalex.org/W3173150707","https://openalex.org/W3193590674","https://openalex.org/W3199145089","https://openalex.org/W3208413395","https://openalex.org/W3210915544","https://openalex.org/W4205370021","https://openalex.org/W4211154867","https://openalex.org/W4229371401","https://openalex.org/W4280653631","https://openalex.org/W4312402856","https://openalex.org/W4318215317","https://openalex.org/W4366748117","https://openalex.org/W4367624022","https://openalex.org/W4384029721","https://openalex.org/W4389568119","https://openalex.org/W4390616361","https://openalex.org/W4391107516","https://openalex.org/W4392344936","https://openalex.org/W4392867754","https://openalex.org/W4413626833","https://openalex.org/W4414010696"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,51,115,136],"neurological":[2],"disorder":[3,8],"known":[4],"as":[5],"autism":[6,83],"spectrum":[7],"(ASD)":[9],"impacts":[10],"the":[11,82,99,119,150,154,157],"behavior":[12],"of":[13,129,134,144,149,159],"kids,":[14],"socialisation,":[15],"and":[16,22,26,42,63,98,123,131,142],"interpersonal":[17],"relationships.":[18],"For":[19],"prompt":[20],"action":[21],"personal":[23],"assistance,":[24],"initial":[25],"precise":[27],"detection":[28],"is":[29],"essential.":[30],"This":[31],"study":[32],"presents":[33],"a":[34,64],"multimodal":[35,160],"framework":[36,52],"combining":[37],"Handwritten":[38],"Text":[39],"(HT)":[40],"images":[41,93],"Eye":[43],"Tracking":[44],"Ratio":[45],"(ETR)":[46],"data":[47,113],"for":[48,60,73,162],"ASD":[49,163],"classification.":[50,74],"employs":[53],"Taneja":[54],"Generalised":[55],"Gibbs":[56],"Bell":[57],"Fuzzy":[58],"(T2GB-Fuzzy)":[59],"feature":[61],"labelling":[62],"novel":[65],"SwishSin":[66],"Average":[67],"Spectop-K":[68],"Convolutional":[69],"Neural":[70],"Network":[71],"(2SASK-CNN)":[72],"Experiments":[75],"were":[76],"conducted":[77],"on":[78],"two":[79],"public":[80],"datasets:":[81],"Spectrum":[84],"Disorder":[85],"in":[86],"Children":[87],"(ASDC)":[88],"dataset":[89,101,138],"with":[90,102,126],"569":[91],"HT":[92],"(381":[94],"ASD,":[95],"188":[96],"control)":[97],"ETR":[100],"59":[103],"children":[104],"contributing":[105],"396,298":[106],"gaze":[107],"records.":[108],"Subject-wise":[109],"splits":[110],"ensured":[111],"no":[112],"leakage.":[114],"suggested":[116],"approach":[117],"outperformed":[118],"current":[120],"CNN,":[121],"ANN,":[122],"SVM":[124],"techniques":[125],"an":[127,132],"accuracy":[128],"98.94%":[130],"F1-score":[133],"98.72%.":[135],"small":[137],"size,":[139],"class":[140],"imbalance,":[141],"lack":[143],"external":[145],"validation":[146],"are":[147],"some":[148],"limitations,":[151],"even":[152],"though":[153],"results":[155],"show":[156],"promise":[158],"fusion":[161],"detection.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2026-02-11T00:00:00"}