{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125642468","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-00873-5","title":"A dynamic scheduling framework for co-working space resources optimized by multi-agent reinforcement learning","display_name":"A dynamic scheduling framework for co-working space resources optimized by multi-agent reinforcement learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125642468","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-00873-5"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-026-00873-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-00873-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-00873-5","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067887331","display_name":"Shiyao Ding","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198357462","display_name":"Changsha University","ror":"https://ror.org/011d8sm39","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198357462"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shiyao Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Changsha Social Work College, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Changsha Social Work College, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198357462"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067887331"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198357462"],"apc_list":{"value":990,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1067},"apc_paid":{"value":990,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1067},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11763881,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12256","display_name":"Facilities and Workplace Management","score":0.9384999871253967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12256","display_name":"Facilities and Workplace Management","score":0.9384999871253967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11814","display_name":"Advanced Manufacturing and Logistics Optimization","score":0.010700000450015068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12401","display_name":"Scheduling and Timetabling Solutions","score":0.008100000210106373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6801999807357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorical-variable","display_name":"Categorical variable","score":0.5680999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5271000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-priority-scheduling","display_name":"Dynamic priority scheduling","score":0.40380001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python","display_name":"Python (programming language)","score":0.3880999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.35089999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.3440000116825104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7613999843597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6801999807357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5274069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2285707","display_name":"Categorical variable","level":2,"score":0.5680999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5271000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4625999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4462999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40709999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107568181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5319000","display_name":"Dynamic priority scheduling","level":3,"score":0.40380001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4016000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.3880999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.35089999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.3440000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.3249000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188116033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2664563","display_name":"Q-learning","level":3,"score":0.3176000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.2671000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777958785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17120940","display_name":"Resource efficiency","level":2,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.25429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37404715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380679","display_name":"Dynamic programming","level":2,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-026-00873-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-00873-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ac3d1b307bf245be8682746841071a85","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ac3d1b307bf245be8682746841071a85","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence, Vol 6, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-026-00873-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-00873-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3127797861","https://openalex.org/W3136584072","https://openalex.org/W3181982382","https://openalex.org/W3196750062","https://openalex.org/W3214921953","https://openalex.org/W4214697720","https://openalex.org/W4315926552","https://openalex.org/W4380995456","https://openalex.org/W4387737637","https://openalex.org/W4390674872","https://openalex.org/W4391554740","https://openalex.org/W4399501868","https://openalex.org/W4400474975","https://openalex.org/W4403043883","https://openalex.org/W4404071966","https://openalex.org/W4404994188","https://openalex.org/W4407536396","https://openalex.org/W4408095255","https://openalex.org/W4408938090","https://openalex.org/W4409479475","https://openalex.org/W4411669524","https://openalex.org/W4412454466"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Efficient":[0],"resource":[1,21,62,115,123,241],"allocation":[2,100],"in":[3,136],"co-working":[4,113,234],"spaces":[5],"is":[6,134,181],"essential":[7],"for":[8,38,56,149,155,194,232],"optimizing":[9],"utilization":[10],"and":[11,23,31,44,64,96,131,152,160,186,197,207,217,229,239],"user":[12,65],"satisfaction.":[13],"Traditional":[14],"scheduling":[15,58],"methods":[16],"often":[17],"lead":[18],"to":[19,40,139,175],"suboptimal":[20],"use":[22],"conflicts,":[24],"particularly":[25],"during":[26],"peak":[27,129],"hours.":[28],"Standard":[29],"approaches":[30],"single-agent":[32],"reinforcement":[33],"learning":[34,99,178],"techniques":[35],"are":[36,192],"inadequate":[37],"adapting":[39],"dynamic":[41,53,112,233],"multi-user":[42],"environments":[43],"coordinating":[45],"multiple":[46],"resources":[47],"simultaneously.":[48],"This":[49],"study":[50],"develops":[51],"a":[52,226],"intelligent":[54],"framework":[55],"real-time":[57],"that":[59],"balances":[60],"diverse":[61],"demands":[63],"preferences.":[66],"The":[67,223],"proposed":[68],"Multi-Agent":[69],"Proximal":[70],"Policy":[71],"Optimization":[72],"Actor-Critic":[73],"Scheduling":[74],"(MAPPACS)":[75],"integrates":[76],"multi-agent":[77,184],"proximal":[78],"policy":[79],"optimization":[80],"with":[81],"actor-critic":[82],"mechanisms,":[83],"enabling":[84],"collaborative":[85],"decision-making":[86],"among":[87],"agents":[88],"representing":[89],"different":[90,143],"resources.":[91],"Agents":[92],"model":[93,195],"desks,":[94],"rooms,":[95],"equipment,":[97],"each":[98],"policies":[101],"through":[102],"environmental":[103],"interaction.":[104],"A":[105],"sample":[106],"of":[107],"2300":[108],"items":[109],"from":[110,171],"the":[111],"space":[114,235],"dataset":[116],"was":[117],"examined,":[118],"which":[119],"includes":[120],"information":[121],"on":[122],"availability,":[124],"booking":[125],"duration,":[126],"current":[127],"occupancy,":[128],"hours,":[130],"previous":[132],"disputes,":[133],"used":[135],"this":[137],"research":[138],"examine":[140],"how":[141],"well":[142],"prediction":[144,215],"models":[145],"perform.":[146],"One-hot":[147],"encoding":[148],"categorical":[150],"features":[151,157,174],"outlier":[153],"detection":[154],"numerical":[156],"ensure":[158],"stable":[159],"meaningful":[161],"input":[162],"representations.":[163],"Independent":[164],"Component":[165],"Analysis":[166],"(ICA)":[167],"extracts":[168],"independent":[169],"patterns":[170],"correlated":[172],"usage":[173],"enhance":[176],"agent":[177],"efficiency.":[179],"Coordination":[180],"facilitated":[182],"via":[183],"communication":[185],"shared":[187],"value":[188],"estimation.":[189],"Python":[190],"frameworks":[191],"employed":[193],"development":[196],"simulation.":[198],"With":[199],"an":[200],"MSE":[201],"(28.47),":[202],"RMSE":[203],"(5.33),":[204],"R2":[205],"(0.87),":[206],"MAE":[208],"(4.12),":[209],"MAPPACS":[210],"performs":[211],"well,":[212],"showing":[213],"minimal":[214],"error":[216],"excellent":[218],"accuracy":[219],"across":[220],"all":[221],"measures.":[222],"method":[224],"offers":[225],"robust,":[227],"adaptive,":[228],"scalable":[230],"solution":[231],"scheduling,":[236],"supporting":[237],"efficient":[238],"user-centric":[240],"management.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2026-01-26T00:00:00"}
