{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7129589645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00721-y","title":"Performance centric review of machine learning techniques for electric vehicle powertrain with battery management and charging systems","display_name":"Performance centric review of machine learning techniques for electric vehicle powertrain with battery management and charging systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7129589645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00721-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-025-00721-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00721-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-025-00721-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-025-00721-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126242369","display_name":"R. Prasanna","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138876546","display_name":"Vels University","ror":"https://ror.org/00tscx035","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138876546"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R. Prasanna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation, Chennai Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 069, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation, Chennai Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 069, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138876546"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126275761","display_name":"R. Senthil Kumar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I85461943","display_name":"Saveetha University","ror":"https://ror.org/0034me914","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I85461943"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Senthil Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Saveetha Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602 105, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Saveetha Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602 105, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85461943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126258921","display_name":"N. S. Bhuvaneswari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145286018","display_name":"SRM Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/050113w36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145286018"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. S. Bhuvaneswari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GKM College of Engineering and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 063, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GKM College of Engineering and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 063, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145286018"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126215283","display_name":"C. Karthik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802823369","display_name":"ASA College","ror":"https://ror.org/039h3aa75","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802823369"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Karthik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu, 626 005, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu, 626 005, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802823369"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5126242369"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138876546"],"apc_list":{"value":990,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1067},"apc_paid":{"value":990,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1067},"fwci":5.2101,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92391948,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.6764000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.6764000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.2847000062465668,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.015799999237060547,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.4952000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.492900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicle","display_name":"Electric vehicle","score":0.48069998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.41339999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/powertrain","display_name":"Powertrain","score":0.376800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.36149999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.3303000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.326200008392334}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6488000154495239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.633899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5996999740600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.4952000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.492900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.48069998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.41339999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76047896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1786258","display_name":"Powertrain","level":3,"score":0.376800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.36149999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.3303000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.326200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.30820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70587473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834111","display_name":"Transformative learning","level":2,"score":0.3041999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.29820001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.29580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.2939000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.2856000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.2558000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.2542000114917755}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-025-00721-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00721-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-025-00721-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:13551f9b73aa449483355548945c2dec","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/13551f9b73aa449483355548945c2dec","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence, Vol 6, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-025-00721-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00721-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-025-00721-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6305546164512634}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7129589645.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7129589645.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":198,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966039250","https://openalex.org/W2006918070","https://openalex.org/W2015315453","https://openalex.org/W2045317586","https://openalex.org/W2344174278","https://openalex.org/W2547671312","https://openalex.org/W2618149076","https://openalex.org/W2766786289","https://openalex.org/W2809859787","https://openalex.org/W2885578090","https://openalex.org/W2885973756","https://openalex.org/W2912545276","https://openalex.org/W2948266581","https://openalex.org/W2983887688","https://openalex.org/W2990466689","https://openalex.org/W2997746376","https://openalex.org/W3010779281","https://openalex.org/W3024868226","https://openalex.org/W3043006620","https://openalex.org/W3074222438","https://openalex.org/W3086833944","https://openalex.org/W3118760717","https://openalex.org/W3119885706","https://openalex.org/W3125765200","https://openalex.org/W3127612696","https://openalex.org/W3131027321","https://openalex.org/W3165055639","https://openalex.org/W3177360131","https://openalex.org/W3187830731","https://openalex.org/W3196178504","https://openalex.org/W3206461806","https://openalex.org/W3213163478","https://openalex.org/W3213808623","https://openalex.org/W4200151326","https://openalex.org/W4205745186","https://openalex.org/W4206783304","https://openalex.org/W4220776750","https://openalex.org/W4220810637","https://openalex.org/W4226438807","https://openalex.org/W4281946866","https://openalex.org/W4283221245","https://openalex.org/W4283804498","https://openalex.org/W4292409483","https://openalex.org/W4296916343","https://openalex.org/W4297007919","https://openalex.org/W4297821057","https://openalex.org/W4307434377","https://openalex.org/W4309915276","https://openalex.org/W4311261620","https://openalex.org/W4313593618","https://openalex.org/W4315630877","https://openalex.org/W4315778349","https://openalex.org/W4315783246","https://openalex.org/W4317795262","https://openalex.org/W4317936621","https://openalex.org/W4318049527","https://openalex.org/W4318200232","https://openalex.org/W4318827344","https://openalex.org/W4319297857","https://openalex.org/W4321377727","https://openalex.org/W4322629422","https://openalex.org/W4323891786","https://openalex.org/W4353073415","https://openalex.org/W4361211706","https://openalex.org/W4362709318","https://openalex.org/W4363673154","https://openalex.org/W4365450904","https://openalex.org/W4376140279","https://openalex.org/W4377143087","https://openalex.org/W4378554279","https://openalex.org/W4380200942","https://openalex.org/W4381111061","https://openalex.org/W4381886287","https://openalex.org/W4382059475","https://openalex.org/W4382204597","https://openalex.org/W4384938582","https://openalex.org/W4385248337","https://openalex.org/W4385286523","https://openalex.org/W4386092303","https://openalex.org/W4386233208","https://openalex.org/W4386248264","https://openalex.org/W4386320519","https://openalex.org/W4386378593","https://openalex.org/W4386777182","https://openalex.org/W4386917302","https://openalex.org/W4386983463","https://openalex.org/W4387757662","https://openalex.org/W4387789434","https://openalex.org/W4388279544","https://openalex.org/W4388725803","https://openalex.org/W4389459131","https://openalex.org/W4389747873","https://openalex.org/W4390114419","https://openalex.org/W4390230913","https://openalex.org/W4390691191","https://openalex.org/W4391038075","https://openalex.org/W4391097018","https://openalex.org/W4391345275","https://openalex.org/W4391693555","https://openalex.org/W4391877458","https://openalex.org/W4392563529","https://openalex.org/W4392563923","https://openalex.org/W4392902354","https://openalex.org/W4393182228","https://openalex.org/W4393374080","https://openalex.org/W4393678241","https://openalex.org/W4393947202","https://openalex.org/W4396817468","https://openalex.org/W4396909979","https://openalex.org/W4398775538","https://openalex.org/W4398776916","https://openalex.org/W4398792256","https://openalex.org/W4399046173","https://openalex.org/W4399224169","https://openalex.org/W4399309353","https://openalex.org/W4399313774","https://openalex.org/W4399800604","https://openalex.org/W4399890636","https://openalex.org/W4400109033","https://openalex.org/W4400229344","https://openalex.org/W4400324377","https://openalex.org/W4400411396","https://openalex.org/W4400944384","https://openalex.org/W4401277774","https://openalex.org/W4401810485","https://openalex.org/W4401891402","https://openalex.org/W4402350735","https://openalex.org/W4402592465","https://openalex.org/W4402675810","https://openalex.org/W4402748713","https://openalex.org/W4402932082","https://openalex.org/W4403428864","https://openalex.org/W4403684993","https://openalex.org/W4403810230","https://openalex.org/W4403872168","https://openalex.org/W4404138396","https://openalex.org/W4404396186","https://openalex.org/W4404657007","https://openalex.org/W4404938315","https://openalex.org/W4404960462","https://openalex.org/W4405547986","https://openalex.org/W4405754708","https://openalex.org/W4406263612","https://openalex.org/W4406263653","https://openalex.org/W4406611241","https://openalex.org/W4406632833","https://openalex.org/W4406901065","https://openalex.org/W4407128431","https://openalex.org/W4407128754","https://openalex.org/W4407404496","https://openalex.org/W4407406087","https://openalex.org/W4407407254","https://openalex.org/W4407659535","https://openalex.org/W4407737891","https://openalex.org/W4407757983","https://openalex.org/W4407902663","https://openalex.org/W4407948988","https://openalex.org/W4408017482","https://openalex.org/W4408124513","https://openalex.org/W4408250381","https://openalex.org/W4408498175","https://openalex.org/W4408716101","https://openalex.org/W4408858356","https://openalex.org/W4409244646","https://openalex.org/W4409327549","https://openalex.org/W4409369415","https://openalex.org/W4409461881","https://openalex.org/W4409473623","https://openalex.org/W4409844328","https://openalex.org/W4409882928","https://openalex.org/W4409889542","https://openalex.org/W4409972083","https://openalex.org/W4410481838","https://openalex.org/W4410492097","https://openalex.org/W4410536448","https://openalex.org/W4410581601","https://openalex.org/W4410610173","https://openalex.org/W4410738041","https://openalex.org/W4410760783","https://openalex.org/W4410985893","https://openalex.org/W4411042108","https://openalex.org/W4411066333","https://openalex.org/W4411086516","https://openalex.org/W4411094119","https://openalex.org/W4411112234","https://openalex.org/W4411287473","https://openalex.org/W4411305664","https://openalex.org/W4411599811","https://openalex.org/W4413143490","https://openalex.org/W4413629099","https://openalex.org/W4413742339","https://openalex.org/W4413822044","https://openalex.org/W4414062515","https://openalex.org/W4414296791","https://openalex.org/W4414358450","https://openalex.org/W4414410251","https://openalex.org/W4414449487","https://openalex.org/W4414498067"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,155,200],"rapid":[1],"proliferation":[2],"of":[3,37,73,85,106,138,315],"electric":[4,90,111,263,286],"vehicles":[5],"(EVs)":[6],"necessitates":[7],"advanced":[8],"intelligent":[9,48],"systems":[10],"to":[11,21,59,152,197,234,247,281],"manage":[12],"their":[13],"increasingly":[14],"complex":[15],"subsystems":[16],"ranging":[17],"from":[18],"powertrain":[19],"optimization":[20,224],"battery":[22,114],"management":[23],"and":[24,47,62,70,81,116,136,181,225,256,284,306,318],"charging":[25,117],"infrastructure.":[26,92,118],"Machine":[27],"learning":[28,87,108,161,211,258],"(ML)":[29],"has":[30],"emerged":[31],"as":[32,164,297],"a":[33,100,145],"transformative":[34],"tool":[35],"capable":[36],"addressing":[38],"these":[39,97],"challenges":[40],"through":[41],"data":[42],"driven":[43],"prediction,":[44],"adaptive":[45],"control,":[46],"decision":[49],"making.":[50],"However,":[51],"existing":[52],"reviews":[53],"are":[54],"still":[55],"disjointed,":[56],"broadly":[57],"limited":[58],"point":[60],"subsystems,":[61],"deficient":[63],"in":[64,89,99,262],"standardized":[65],"performance":[66,101],"assessment,":[67],"unified":[68,127],"benchmarking,":[69],"analytical":[71],"understanding":[72],"algorithmic":[74,150],"appropriateness.":[75],"These":[76],"limit":[77],"the":[78,204,219,231,270,312],"comparability,":[79],"interpretability,":[80],"real":[82],"world":[83],"implementation":[84],"machine":[86,107],"models":[88,162,212],"vehicle":[91,112,264],"This":[93,288],"review":[94,289],"uniquely":[95],"remedies":[96],"shortcomings":[98],"oriented,":[102],"cross":[103],"domain":[104],"synthesis":[105],"deployments":[109],"for":[110,221],"design,":[113],"systems,":[115],"Systematically":[119],"examining":[120],"240":[121],"peer":[122],"reviewed":[123],"publications":[124],"based":[125,183],"on":[126],"statistical":[128],"metrics":[129],"like":[130],"Root":[131],"Mean":[132],"Square":[133],"Error":[134],"(RMSE)":[135],"Coefficient":[137],"Determination":[139],"(R":[140,189],"2":[141,190],"),":[142],"it":[143],"provides":[144],"quantitative":[146],"benchmarking":[147],"framework":[148],"linking":[149],"groups":[151],"subsystem":[153,222],"performance.":[154],"analysis":[156],"reveals":[157],"that":[158,240,309],"hybrid":[159,209],"deep":[160,210],"such":[163,296],"Long":[165],"Short":[166],"Term":[167],"Memory":[168],"with":[169,229],"Double":[170],"Deep":[171],"Q-Network":[172],"(LSTM-DDQN),":[173],"Convolutional":[174],"Neural":[175],"Networks-Bidirectional":[176],"Gated":[177],"Recurrent":[178],"Units":[179],"(CNN-BiGRU),":[180],"transformer":[182],"frameworks":[184],"consistently":[185],"achieve":[186],"superior":[187],"accuracy":[188],">":[191],"0.95,":[192],"RMSE":[193],"<":[194],"0.05)":[195],"compared":[196],"traditional":[198],"algorithms.":[199],"paper":[201],"also":[202],"clarifies":[203],"rationale":[205],"behind":[206],"why":[207],"ensemble":[208],"systematically":[213],"outperform":[214],"conventional":[215],"methods,":[216],"thus":[217],"laying":[218],"groundwork":[220],"variant":[223],"deployment":[226],"tactics.":[227],"Along":[228],"consolidation,":[230],"survey":[232],"brings":[233],"focus":[235],"crucial":[236],"open":[237],"research":[238],"issues":[239],"include":[241],"dataset":[242],"standardization,":[243],"interpretable":[244],"models,":[245],"interface":[246],"Controller":[248],"Area":[249],"Network":[250],"(CAN)/On-Board":[251],"Diagnostics":[252],"(OBD)":[253],"communication":[254],"protocols,":[255],"federated":[257,307],"towards":[259],"ensuring":[260],"privacy":[261],"networks.":[265],"Overall,":[266],"this":[267],"work":[268],"advances":[269],"field":[271],"by":[272,291],"turning":[273],"disjoint":[274],"literature":[275],"into":[276],"an":[277],"analytically":[278],"informed":[279],"guide":[280],"intelligent,":[282,316],"interpretable,":[283],"scalable":[285],"vehicles.":[287],"concludes":[290],"identifying":[292],"promising":[293],"future":[294],"directions":[295],"explainable":[298],"artificial":[299],"intelligence":[300],"(XAI),":[301],"digital":[302],"twins,":[303],"embedded":[304],"ML,":[305],"autonomy":[308],"will":[310],"underpin":[311],"next":[313],"generation":[314],"scalable,":[317],"sustainable":[319],"EV":[320],"ecosystems.":[321]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T06:13:01.061226","created_date":"2026-02-18T00:00:00"}