{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416892740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00702-1","title":"Using gradient boosting regression trees to identify cost drivers of laparoscopic surgery in elderly patients","display_name":"Using gradient boosting regression trees to identify cost drivers of laparoscopic surgery in elderly patients","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416892740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00702-1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-025-00702-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00702-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00702-1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000163853","display_name":"Xiaojing Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7126-8851"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115456","display_name":"Chuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/037663q52","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115456"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojing Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Information Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou, 239000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou, 239000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115456"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115590759","display_name":"Shixi Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115456","display_name":"Chuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/037663q52","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115456"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shixi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Information Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou, 239000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou, 239000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115456"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025141324","display_name":"Yuyong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9038-5507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098592","display_name":"Wuhu Fourth People Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00t93jj79","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098592"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yudian Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangji Hospital, Wuhu, 241000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangji Hospital, Wuhu, 241000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098592"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000163853"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115456"],"apc_list":{"value":990,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1067},"apc_paid":{"value":990,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1067},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.52597328,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11930","display_name":"Cardiac, Anesthesia and Surgical Outcomes","score":0.17299999296665192,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11930","display_name":"Cardiac, Anesthesia and Surgical Outcomes","score":0.17299999296665192,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10916","display_name":"Surgical Simulation and Training","score":0.16899999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10335","display_name":"Colorectal Cancer Surgical Treatments","score":0.1354999989271164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/univariate","display_name":"Univariate","score":0.5805000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.5541999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comorbidity","display_name":"Comorbidity","score":0.5253999829292297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5037999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/charlson-comorbidity-index","display_name":"Charlson comorbidity index","score":0.46149998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.3993000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laparoscopic-surgery","display_name":"Laparoscopic surgery","score":0.3937999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.367000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retrospective-cohort-study","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","score":0.3538999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.33219999074935913}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7538999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199163554","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1681619","display_name":"Univariate","level":3,"score":0.5805000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.5541999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779159551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414874","display_name":"Comorbidity","level":2,"score":0.5253999829292297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5037999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019063607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414874","display_name":"Charlson comorbidity index","level":3,"score":0.46149998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.3993000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776111594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q675754","display_name":"Laparoscopic surgery","level":3,"score":0.3937999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.367000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167135981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.3538999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194828623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470","display_name":"Emergency medicine","level":1,"score":0.3508000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.33340001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.33219999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144301174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7893852","display_name":"Univariate analysis","level":3,"score":0.328900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779195980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5691206","display_name":"Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project","level":3,"score":0.3276999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.31850001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13774568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q439112","display_name":"Population ageing","level":3,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.313400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017409249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23582796","display_name":"Resource use","level":2,"score":0.30559998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195910791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324077","display_name":"Medical record","level":2,"score":0.30469998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.28929999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.2888999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.2865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524218345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31218","display_name":"Health economics","level":3,"score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988170871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11000047","display_name":"Healthcare system","level":3,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778149918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3291156","display_name":"Population health","level":3,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775909303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3259564","display_name":"Inpatient care","level":3,"score":0.26429998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137992405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137608","display_name":"Health administration","level":3,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780877353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2518253","display_name":"Health services research","level":3,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019080777","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754768","display_name":"Cost effectiveness","level":2,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70153297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591907","display_name":"Gradient boosting","level":3,"score":0.2542000114917755}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-025-00702-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00702-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4018be45d3264e75baf948f5d74c6062","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4018be45d3264e75baf948f5d74c6062","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence, Vol 6, Iss 1, Pp 1-19 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-025-00702-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00702-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W2000445173","https://openalex.org/W2789401687","https://openalex.org/W2914585129","https://openalex.org/W3114649206","https://openalex.org/W3121558756","https://openalex.org/W3136472404","https://openalex.org/W3160112808","https://openalex.org/W3182706339","https://openalex.org/W3203121969","https://openalex.org/W4205594133","https://openalex.org/W4287738992","https://openalex.org/W4302303655","https://openalex.org/W4307065280","https://openalex.org/W4323040531","https://openalex.org/W4324139933","https://openalex.org/W4380769341","https://openalex.org/W4380986883","https://openalex.org/W4385957183","https://openalex.org/W4386266561","https://openalex.org/W4387618894","https://openalex.org/W4391650237","https://openalex.org/W4395456757","https://openalex.org/W4400445963","https://openalex.org/W4401920272","https://openalex.org/W4403024701","https://openalex.org/W4404392300","https://openalex.org/W4404716839","https://openalex.org/W4408088787","https://openalex.org/W4410701256","https://openalex.org/W4413098744"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,121,146,218],"aging":[1],"population":[2],"presents":[3],"significant":[4,193],"challenges":[5],"to":[6,24,41,56,142,227,255],"healthcare":[7,221],"systems,":[8],"particularly":[9,155],"in":[10,20,205],"the":[11,75,176,201,258],"context":[12],"of":[13,77,95,160,195,203,247],"laparoscopic":[14,101,167,215],"surgery,":[15],"which":[16],"is":[17],"increasingly":[18],"utilized":[19],"elderly":[21,33,97,214],"patients":[22,34,98,124],"due":[23],"its":[25],"minimally":[26],"invasive":[27],"nature":[28],"and":[29,45,65,116,187,209,234,250,261],"faster":[30],"recovery.":[31],"However,":[32],"often":[35],"present":[36],"with":[37,171,223],"substantial":[38,172],"comorbidities,":[39],"leading":[40],"higher":[42],"surgical":[43,130,180,188],"complexity":[44],"hospitalization":[46,106,144,196,207],"costs,":[47],"necessitating":[48],"efficient":[49],"cost":[50,63,72,236,252],"management":[51,73,237],"strategies.":[52,238],"This":[53,198],"study":[54,199],"aims":[55],"address":[57],"this":[58],"issue":[59],"by":[60],"identifying":[61],"key":[62],"drivers":[64],"establishing":[66],"a":[67,78,133,224],"theoretical":[68],"foundation":[69],"for":[70,213],"refined":[71],"through":[74],"development":[76],"patient":[79,153,211],"grouping":[80,212],"model":[81,139],"using":[82,111],"advanced":[83],"artificial":[84],"intelligence":[85],"techniques.":[86],"A":[87],"retrospective":[88],"analysis":[89,149,254],"was":[90,140],"conducted":[91],"on":[92,129,243],"medical":[93],"records":[94],"1010":[96],"who":[99,164],"underwent":[100,165],"surgery.":[102],"Key":[103],"factors":[104],"influencing":[105],"costs":[107,208],"were":[108],"systematically":[109],"examined":[110],"descriptive":[112],"statistics,":[113],"univariate":[114],"analysis,":[115],"linear":[117],"mixed-effects":[118],"models":[119],"(LMM).":[120],"LMM":[122],"categorized":[123],"into":[125],"distinct":[126,151],"subgroups":[127],"based":[128],"complexity,":[131,181],"while":[132,169],"gradient":[134],"boosting":[135],"regression":[136],"tree":[137],"(GBRT)":[138],"employed":[141],"predict":[143],"costs.":[145,197],"stratified":[147],"heterogeneity":[148],"revealed":[150],"high-cost":[152],"subgroups,":[154],"those":[156],"experiencing":[157],"extended":[158],"length":[159],"hospital":[161],"stay":[162],"(LOS)":[163],"complex":[166],"surgery":[168,216],"presenting":[170],"comorbidity":[173],"burden.":[174],"Through":[175],"GBRT":[177,204],"modeling":[178],"approach,":[179],"LOS,":[182],"Charlson":[183],"Comorbidity":[184],"Index":[185],"(CCI),":[186],"site":[189],"emerged":[190],"as":[191],"statistically":[192],"predictors":[194],"demonstrates":[200],"effectiveness":[202],"predicting":[206],"enabling":[210],"patients.":[217],"findings":[219],"provide":[220],"institutions":[222],"data-driven":[225],"framework":[226],"optimize":[228],"resource":[229],"allocation,":[230],"standardize":[231],"care":[232],"pathways,":[233],"enhance":[235],"Future":[239],"research":[240],"should":[241],"focus":[242],"external":[244],"validation,":[245],"incorporation":[246],"economic":[248],"variables,":[249],"finer-grained":[251],"component":[253],"further":[256],"refine":[257],"model\u2019s":[259],"applicability":[260],"robustness.":[262]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-12-02T00:00:00"}
