{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412637173","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00441-3","title":"Can large language models be used to code text for thematic analysis? An explorative study","display_name":"Can large language models be used to code text for thematic analysis? An explorative study","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412637173","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00441-3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-025-00441-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00441-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-025-00441-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-025-00441-3.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081088557","display_name":"Zhiyong Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7732-7368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157321","display_name":"Center for Discovery","ror":"https://ror.org/04jna0a58","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyong Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117387832","display_name":"Aaron Tavasi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157321","display_name":"Center for Discovery","ror":"https://ror.org/04jna0a58","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157321"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800446032","display_name":"Rhode Island Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01aw9fv09","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800446032","https://openalex.org/I4210151747"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aaron Tavasi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA","The Pediatric Division of Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Health, Providence, RI, 02903, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157321"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Pediatric Division of Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Health, Providence, RI, 02903, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800446032"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100324461","display_name":"Ju-Young Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8521-5796"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157321","display_name":"Center for Discovery","ror":"https://ror.org/04jna0a58","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157321"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086933","display_name":"NYU Langone Health","ror":"https://ror.org/005dvqh91","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086933"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163050","display_name":"New York University Langone Orthopedic Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05d789537","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086933","https://openalex.org/I4210163050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"JuYoung Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island, NYU Langone Health, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA","Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island, NYU Langone Health, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163050","https://openalex.org/I4210086933"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117387833","display_name":"Joshua Luzuriaga","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087560","display_name":"Stony Brook School","ror":"https://ror.org/003wx9n05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087560"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157321","display_name":"Center for Discovery","ror":"https://ror.org/04jna0a58","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua Luzuriaga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA","Department of Pathology, The Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157321"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, The Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087560"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104265857","display_name":"Karthik Suresh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157321","display_name":"Center for Discovery","ror":"https://ror.org/04jna0a58","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Suresh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031779470","display_name":"M. M. Oppenheim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8581-6177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157321","display_name":"Center for Discovery","ror":"https://ror.org/04jna0a58","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Oppenheim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046200108","display_name":"Fortunato Battaglia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5744-0953"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157321","display_name":"Center for Discovery","ror":"https://ror.org/04jna0a58","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fortunato Battaglia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157321"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074971628","display_name":"Stanley R. Terlecky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3690-7467"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157321","display_name":"Center for Discovery","ror":"https://ror.org/04jna0a58","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stanley R. Terlecky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157321"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081088557"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157321"],"apc_list":{"value":990,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1067},"apc_paid":{"value":990,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1067},"fwci":2.6124,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91006686,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13910","display_name":"Computational and Text Analysis Methods","score":0.987500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9545000195503235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.677362322807312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thematic-map","display_name":"Thematic map","score":0.6014068126678467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5843990445137024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thematic-analysis","display_name":"Thematic analysis","score":0.5237919092178345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5154615044593811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.4228423237800598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3543076515197754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qualitative-research","display_name":"Qualitative research","score":0.1608077585697174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.13714030385017395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.09672626852989197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.06889292597770691}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.677362322807312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93692415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502030","display_name":"Thematic map","level":2,"score":0.6014068126678467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5843990445137024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74196892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7781188","display_name":"Thematic analysis","level":3,"score":0.5237919092178345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5154615044593811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.4228423237800598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3543076515197754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.1608077585697174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.13714030385017395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.09672626852989197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.06889292597770691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-025-00441-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00441-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-025-00441-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:980eedb1c2254190bbcd8ea3a9464e72","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/980eedb1c2254190bbcd8ea3a9464e72","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence, Vol 5, Iss 1, Pp 1-17 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-025-00441-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00441-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-025-00441-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.800000011920929}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412637173.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412637173.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W115394847","https://openalex.org/W1666510152","https://openalex.org/W1979290264","https://openalex.org/W2089626039","https://openalex.org/W2150104072","https://openalex.org/W2170827698","https://openalex.org/W2253038398","https://openalex.org/W2293042121","https://openalex.org/W2767005192","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2902680660","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2962784628","https://openalex.org/W3017081314","https://openalex.org/W3038340582","https://openalex.org/W4221143046","https://openalex.org/W4289677850","https://openalex.org/W4328049044","https://openalex.org/W4365460621","https://openalex.org/W4366548330","https://openalex.org/W4366596891","https://openalex.org/W4377866123","https://openalex.org/W4384154861","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4385430086","https://openalex.org/W4386510071","https://openalex.org/W4386908233","https://openalex.org/W4388103056","https://openalex.org/W4388503650","https://openalex.org/W4391871510","https://openalex.org/W4394838906","https://openalex.org/W4396986582","https://openalex.org/W4399211433","https://openalex.org/W4401595656","https://openalex.org/W4402859268","https://openalex.org/W4403065435","https://openalex.org/W4403324134","https://openalex.org/W4404340761","https://openalex.org/W4405254469","https://openalex.org/W4406236664","https://openalex.org/W4406421920","https://openalex.org/W4407743121"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2291311298","https://openalex.org/W2378021067","https://openalex.org/W2347703439","https://openalex.org/W2371027582","https://openalex.org/W3196787553","https://openalex.org/W2898552957","https://openalex.org/W1969939902","https://openalex.org/W1982702875","https://openalex.org/W3034807830","https://openalex.org/W4409630247"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"practice,":[1],"thematic":[2,94],"analysis":[3],"of":[4,27,45],"text":[5,11,40],"involves":[6],"six":[7],"stages,":[8],"among":[9],"which":[10],"coding":[12,63,73],"is":[13],"particularly":[14],"cognitively":[15],"demanding,":[16],"labor-intensive,":[17],"and":[18,23,35,49,69,82,102,109],"time-consuming.":[19],"This":[20],"study":[21],"investigates":[22],"compares":[24],"the":[25,43,47,97],"potential":[26],"two":[28],"large":[29],"language":[30],"models":[31,60],"(LLMs),":[32],"namely":[33],"ChatGPT-4":[34],"OpenAI":[36],"o1-preview,":[37],"to":[38,77,92,105],"perform":[39],"coding,":[41],"with":[42],"goal":[44],"reducing":[46],"time":[48],"effort":[50],"required":[51],"by":[52],"human":[53,100],"researchers.":[54],"Our":[55],"results":[56],"indicate":[57],"that":[58],"both":[59,70],"exhibit":[61],"decreased":[62],"comprehensiveness":[64],"as":[65],"document":[66],"length":[67],"increases,":[68],"demonstrate":[71],"low":[72],"accuracy,":[74],"primarily":[75],"due":[76],"limitations":[78],"in":[79,89],"textual":[80],"comprehension":[81],"reasoning.":[83],"These":[84],"findings":[85],"highlight":[86],"significant":[87],"challenges":[88],"using":[90],"LLMs":[91],"support":[93],"analysis,":[95],"emphasizing":[96],"need":[98],"for":[99],"oversight":[101],"rigorous":[103],"validation":[104],"ensure":[106],"analytic":[107],"accuracy":[108],"validity.":[110]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
