{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415666433","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00352-3","title":"Ambulance routing optimization based on emergency medical service availability","display_name":"Ambulance routing optimization based on emergency medical service availability","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415666433","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00352-3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-025-00352-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00352-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-025-00352-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-025-00352-3.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112951590","display_name":"Muhannad Safar Almalki","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099699","display_name":"University of Jeddah","ror":"https://ror.org/015ya8798","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099699"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mona Almalki","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Engineering, Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099699"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038514782","display_name":"Eman Aldhahri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4233-4610"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099699","display_name":"University of Jeddah","ror":"https://ror.org/015ya8798","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099699"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eman Aldhahri","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Engineering, Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099699"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035242729","display_name":"Nahla Aljojo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2501-8533"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099699","display_name":"University of Jeddah","ror":"https://ror.org/015ya8798","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099699"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nahla Aljojo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Engineering, Information Systems and Technology Department, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Information Systems and Technology Department, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099699"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112951590"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099699"],"apc_list":{"value":990,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1067},"apc_paid":{"value":990,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1067},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.36365985,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11502","display_name":"Facility Location and Emergency Management","score":0.9088000059127808,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11502","display_name":"Facility Location and Emergency Management","score":0.9088000059127808,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.06970000267028809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11467","display_name":"Trauma and Emergency Care Studies","score":0.002199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.679099977016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-routing-problem","display_name":"Vehicle routing problem","score":0.659500002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.54339998960495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emergency-medical-services","display_name":"Emergency medical services","score":0.4343000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.4300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shortest-path-problem","display_name":"Shortest path problem","score":0.39309999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.3840999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.3806999921798706}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.679099977016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123784306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944041","display_name":"Vehicle routing problem","level":3,"score":0.659500002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6011999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.54339998960495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.44209998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545288138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860447","display_name":"Emergency medical services","level":2,"score":0.4343000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.4300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22590252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058754","display_name":"Shortest path problem","level":3,"score":0.39309999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3840999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.3806999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780300654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1308737","display_name":"Emergency vehicle","level":2,"score":0.36039999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017997152","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q814610","display_name":"Emergency response","level":2,"score":0.358599990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.33250001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513323569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6554101","display_name":"Medical equipment","level":2,"score":0.31380000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181889124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380204","display_name":"Service level","level":2,"score":0.3010999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205548138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5939479","display_name":"Humanitarian Logistics","level":2,"score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775907273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7805281","display_name":"Time constraint","level":2,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2169973","display_name":"Service provider","level":3,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.2671000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.2529999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147764199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865248","display_name":"Minification","level":2,"score":0.25130000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-025-00352-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00352-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-025-00352-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8c5128ca035248f4842d6a0579dbb86c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8c5128ca035248f4842d6a0579dbb86c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence, Vol 5, Iss 1, Pp 1-16 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-025-00352-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00352-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-025-00352-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415666433.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415666433.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2013979699","https://openalex.org/W2103703645","https://openalex.org/W2736516966","https://openalex.org/W2793495719","https://openalex.org/W2883678372","https://openalex.org/W2978297156","https://openalex.org/W2981201673","https://openalex.org/W2991263634","https://openalex.org/W3004804052","https://openalex.org/W3020483591","https://openalex.org/W3031511130","https://openalex.org/W3037655572","https://openalex.org/W3039948179","https://openalex.org/W3043673833","https://openalex.org/W3080525044","https://openalex.org/W3122682617","https://openalex.org/W3159822212","https://openalex.org/W3162996815","https://openalex.org/W3174269714","https://openalex.org/W3209787924","https://openalex.org/W3216755251","https://openalex.org/W4223998916","https://openalex.org/W4225533155","https://openalex.org/W4386753240","https://openalex.org/W4387896560","https://openalex.org/W4394911692","https://openalex.org/W4399469708","https://openalex.org/W4400113857","https://openalex.org/W4400732733","https://openalex.org/W4402599120"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ambulance":[0],"routing":[1,18,86,123],"optimization":[2,93],"has":[3,180],"been":[4],"in":[5,8,109,210],"the":[6,30,56,75,98,110,118,121,136,155,174,194,205],"spotlight":[7],"recent":[9],"years.":[10],"Researchers":[11],"have":[12],"tried":[13],"to":[14,20,35,42,47,54,69,106],"modify":[15],"traditional":[16],"vehicle":[17],"problems":[19],"model":[21,94,127],"and":[22,26,46,58,73,87,124,147,164,179],"examine":[23],"real-world":[24],"logistics":[25],"transportation-related":[27],"problems.":[28],"In":[29,80,97],"healthcare":[31],"sector,":[32],"being":[33],"able":[34],"choose":[36],"an":[37,78],"Emergency":[38],"Medical":[39],"Service":[40,102],"(EMS)":[41,91],"handle":[43],"a":[44,62,83,100,181,190,201],"call":[45],"decide":[48],"which":[49],"segments":[50],"emergency":[51,88],"should":[52],"respond":[53],"at":[55],"scene":[57],"when":[59],"there":[60],"is":[61,95,104,200],"need":[63],"for":[64,113,117,193],"transport":[65],"action":[66],"are":[67,138,171],"crucial":[68],"decreasing":[70],"response":[71,213],"times":[72],"increasing":[74],"efficiency":[76],"of":[77,120,128,135,159,184,212],"EMS.":[79],"this":[81],"study,":[82],"new":[84],"ambulance":[85],"medical":[89],"service":[90],"selection":[92],"presented.":[96],"model,":[99],"customized":[101],"Availability\"":[103],"proposed":[105],"be":[107],"included":[108],"routing.":[111],"OpenStreetMap":[112],"Pathfinding":[114],"was":[115],"adopted":[116],"experiment":[119],"EMS":[122,169,175],"dispatching":[125],"decisions":[126],"some":[129],"case":[130],"studies.":[131],"The":[132,150],"main":[133],"criteria":[134],"studies":[137],"\u201cStart":[139],"Node\u201d,\u201dRandom":[140],"Accident":[141],"Node\u201d,":[142],"\u201cNode":[143],"Paths\u201d,":[144],"\u201cDistance":[145],"(KM)\u201d,":[146],"\u201cSelected":[148],"EMC\u201d.":[149],"experiments":[151],"result":[152],"shows":[153],"that":[154],"\u201cService":[156],"Availability\u201d":[157],"distribution":[158],"critical":[160,165],"resources":[161],"like":[162],"specialists,":[163],"care":[166],"units":[167],"across":[168,173],"centers":[170],"selected":[172],"center":[176],"labeled":[177],"\u201c115,881:":[178],"balanced":[182],"availability":[183],"all":[185],"other":[186],"services,":[187],"making":[188],"it":[189],"strong":[191],"candidate":[192],"route":[195],"selection.":[196],"This":[197],"solution":[198,203],"significantly":[199],"better":[202],"than":[204],"constraint":[206],"shortest":[207],"path":[208],"method":[209],"terms":[211],"time":[214],"only.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-29T00:00:00"}
