{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407857456","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00226-8","title":"Is facial beauty in the eyes? A multi-method approach to interpreting facial beauty prediction in machine learning models","display_name":"Is facial beauty in the eyes? A multi-method approach to interpreting facial beauty prediction in machine learning models","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407857456","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00226-8"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-025-00226-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00226-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-025-00226-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-025-00226-8.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102608285","display_name":"Ahmed Aman Ibrahim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139894009","display_name":"University of Bradford","ror":"https://ror.org/00vs8d940","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Aman Ibrahim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Visual Computing and Intelligent Systems, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Visual Computing and Intelligent Systems, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093772635","display_name":"Noah Hassan Ugail","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51601045","display_name":"University of Bath","ror":"https://ror.org/002h8g185","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51601045"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noah Hassan Ugail","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51601045"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083781406","display_name":"Hassan Ugail","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3084-1797"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139894009","display_name":"University of Bradford","ror":"https://ror.org/00vs8d940","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hassan Ugail","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Visual Computing and Intelligent Systems, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Visual Computing and Intelligent Systems, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102608285"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"],"apc_list":{"value":990,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1067},"apc_paid":{"value":990,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1067},"fwci":4.4553,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9229795,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9851999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12599","display_name":"Retinal and Optic Conditions","score":0.9491000175476074,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beauty","display_name":"Beauty","score":0.8929718732833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48625004291534424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4651903212070465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3583173155784607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art","display_name":"Art","score":0.32149893045425415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aesthetics","display_name":"Aesthetics","score":0.3125556409358978}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780620123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7242","display_name":"Beauty","level":2,"score":0.8929718732833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48625004291534424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4651903212070465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3583173155784607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.32149893045425415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.3125556409358978}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-025-00226-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00226-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-025-00226-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8047da331ae24144bef86872f3873e9c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8047da331ae24144bef86872f3873e9c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence, Vol 5, Iss 1, Pp 1-18 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-025-00226-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00226-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-025-00226-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407857456.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1974387747","https://openalex.org/W1981276685","https://openalex.org/W1997135698","https://openalex.org/W2151541811","https://openalex.org/W2231999017","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2890211059","https://openalex.org/W2897586903","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2926490029","https://openalex.org/W2940931619","https://openalex.org/W2962769166","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963839617","https://openalex.org/W2969510079","https://openalex.org/W2969880113","https://openalex.org/W2983927223","https://openalex.org/W2998263134","https://openalex.org/W3004717865","https://openalex.org/W3011341744","https://openalex.org/W3140422435","https://openalex.org/W3162355400","https://openalex.org/W3194876844","https://openalex.org/W3204317061","https://openalex.org/W4210566286","https://openalex.org/W4310990753","https://openalex.org/W4327846218","https://openalex.org/W4391148630"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2373102167","https://openalex.org/W2349615905","https://openalex.org/W2382695274","https://openalex.org/W2364061002","https://openalex.org/W2967583153","https://openalex.org/W4241920566","https://openalex.org/W95865800","https://openalex.org/W2375620112","https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"advances":[1],"in":[2,23,32,75,146,164,178,186],"facial":[3,8,33,68,92,113,138,165,184],"beauty":[4,34,166,187],"prediction,":[5,104],"how":[6],"specific":[7],"regions":[9,69,93,114,160],"contribute":[10],"to":[11,70,97,115],"perceptions":[12],"of":[13,174,183],"attractiveness":[14],"remains":[15],"largely":[16],"unexplored,":[17],"highlighting":[18],"a":[19,40,54,175],"critical":[20],"interpretability":[21,30,48],"gap":[22,31],"this":[24,82,169],"domain.":[25],"This":[26],"study":[27,170],"addresses":[28],"the":[29,95,122,150,156,172,180],"prediction":[35,188],"(FBP)":[36],"models":[37,108],"by":[38],"introducing":[39],"novel":[41],"framework":[42],"that":[43,56],"combines":[44],"global":[45,79],"and":[46,101,124,136,158],"local":[47,83],"methods.":[49],"We":[50],"introduce":[51],"Region":[52],"Attribution,":[53],"technique":[55],"aggregates":[57],"XRAI":[58],"(eXplanation":[59],"with":[60],"Ranked":[61],"Area":[62],"Integrals)":[63],"saliency":[64],"maps":[65],"across":[66,94,149],"predefined":[67],"quantify":[71],"their":[72,117],"relative":[73],"importance":[74],"individual":[76,91,102,137],"predictions.":[77],"Two":[78],"approaches":[80],"complement":[81],"interpretability:":[84],"permutation":[85],"feature":[86,103,147],"importance,":[87],"which":[88],"systematically":[89],"explores":[90],"dataset":[96],"measure":[98],"performance":[99],"degradation,":[100],"where":[105],"separate":[106],"CNN":[107],"are":[109],"trained":[110],"on":[111,132],"isolated":[112],"assess":[116],"independent":[118],"predictive":[119],"power.":[120],"Using":[121],"SCUT-FBP5500":[123],"MEBeauty":[125],"datasets,":[126],"we":[127],"train":[128],"convolutional":[129],"neural":[130],"networks":[131],"both":[133],"full":[134],"faces":[135],"features.":[139],"While":[140],"our":[141],"findings":[142],"reveal":[143],"slight":[144],"variations":[145],"rankings":[148],"three":[151],"methods,":[152],"they":[153],"consistently":[154],"identify":[155],"eyes":[157],"nose":[159],"as":[161],"crucial":[162],"determinants":[163],"prediction.":[167],"Thus,":[168],"demonstrates":[171],"value":[173],"multi-method":[176],"approach":[177],"understanding":[179],"complex":[181],"interplay":[182],"features":[185],"machine":[189],"learning":[190],"models.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}