{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392240076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-024-00114-7","title":"Explainable and interpretable artificial intelligence in medicine: a systematic bibliometric review","display_name":"Explainable and interpretable artificial intelligence in medicine: a systematic bibliometric review","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392240076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-024-00114-7"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-024-00114-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-024-00114-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-024-00114-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-024-00114-7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075214356","display_name":"Maria Frasca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3164-1858"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189158943","display_name":"University of Milan","ror":"https://ror.org/00wjc7c48","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Frasca","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008833108","display_name":"Davide La Torre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2776-0037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201841394","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d'Azur","ror":"https://ror.org/019tgvf94","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201841394"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181418319","display_name":"SKEMA Business School","ror":"https://ror.org/036h8vg94","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181418319"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Davide La Torre","raw_affiliation_strings":["SKEMA Business School, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, Sophia Antipolis,  Nice, France","SKEMA Business School, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis,  Nice, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SKEMA Business School, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, Sophia Antipolis,  Nice, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181418319","https://openalex.org/I201841394"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SKEMA Business School, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis,  Nice, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181418319","https://openalex.org/I201841394"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085426756","display_name":"Gabriella Pravettoni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4843-4663"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189158943","display_name":"University of Milan","ror":"https://ror.org/00wjc7c48","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6141010","display_name":"European Institute of Oncology","ror":"https://ror.org/02vr0ne26","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153126","https://openalex.org/I6141010"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriella Pravettoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, IEO, European Institute of Oncology, Milano, Italy","Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, IEO, European Institute of Oncology, Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6141010"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068012955","display_name":"Ilaria Cutica","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2749-0719"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189158943","display_name":"University of Milan","ror":"https://ror.org/00wjc7c48","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ilaria Cutica","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008833108"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181418319","https://openalex.org/I201841394"],"apc_list":{"value":990,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1067},"apc_paid":{"value":990,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1067},"fwci":16.5962,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":144,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99457132,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5378137826919556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.39234092831611633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3753184676170349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3357618749141693}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5378137826919556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39234092831611633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3753184676170349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3357618749141693}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-024-00114-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-024-00114-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-024-00114-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:air.unimi.it:2434/1041309","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2434/1041309","pdf_url":"https://air.unimi.it/bitstream/2434/1041309/2/XAI_paper.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400516","display_name":"Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I189158943","host_organization_name":"University of Milan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/1047607","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11585/1047607","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:00937e6d859642a18452684a793cf950","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/00937e6d859642a18452684a793cf950","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence, Vol 4, Iss 1, Pp 1-21 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-024-00114-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-024-00114-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-024-00114-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5600000023841858,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392240076.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1992187590","https://openalex.org/W2004902747","https://openalex.org/W2016778500","https://openalex.org/W2027106132","https://openalex.org/W2031898746","https://openalex.org/W2096451472","https://openalex.org/W2123409929","https://openalex.org/W2150220236","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2337688125","https://openalex.org/W2611650229","https://openalex.org/W2625625371","https://openalex.org/W2795807997","https://openalex.org/W2910705748","https://openalex.org/W2910890213","https://openalex.org/W2915292867","https://openalex.org/W2954628922","https://openalex.org/W2958089299","https://openalex.org/W2962772482","https://openalex.org/W2963095307","https://openalex.org/W2966218717","https://openalex.org/W2969090797","https://openalex.org/W2981731882","https://openalex.org/W2981836045","https://openalex.org/W2997833216","https://openalex.org/W3002705197","https://openalex.org/W3004227146","https://openalex.org/W3011812967","https://openalex.org/W3017855299","https://openalex.org/W3036552116","https://openalex.org/W3038925693","https://openalex.org/W3039232647","https://openalex.org/W3101156210","https://openalex.org/W3102363003","https://openalex.org/W3104523752","https://openalex.org/W3105269729","https://openalex.org/W3109650690","https://openalex.org/W3116286104","https://openalex.org/W3131457744","https://openalex.org/W3198525581","https://openalex.org/W3199384803","https://openalex.org/W4206221654","https://openalex.org/W4213114223","https://openalex.org/W4240187149","https://openalex.org/W4289856193","https://openalex.org/W4294559022","https://openalex.org/W4303712215","https://openalex.org/W4311675688","https://openalex.org/W4323035687","https://openalex.org/W4366262984","https://openalex.org/W4366710236","https://openalex.org/W4380201339","https://openalex.org/W4380358757","https://openalex.org/W4385413436","https://openalex.org/W6742802147"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2478288626","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1,66,235],"review":[2,67],"aims":[3],"to":[4,62,99,160,218,227],"explore":[5],"the":[6,17,25,51,75,81,101,110,132,142,148,171,177,188,201,229,253],"growing":[7,189],"impact":[8],"of":[9,28,53,80,94,138,152,191,203,232,256],"machine":[10,37],"learning":[11,14,38],"and":[12,30,46,59,71,96,106,119,150,166,184,198,200,222,246,251],"deep":[13],"algorithms":[15,39,57],"in":[16,74,86,128,175,194,260],"medical":[18,44,196],"field,":[19],"with":[20,33],"a":[21],"specific":[22],"focus":[23],"on":[24,116],"critical":[26],"issues":[27],"explainability":[29],"interpretability":[31,95],"associated":[32],"black-box":[34],"algorithms.":[35],"While":[36],"are":[40,156],"increasingly":[41],"employed":[42],"for":[43,109,144,240],"analysis":[45],"diagnosis,":[47],"their":[48,107],"complexity":[49],"underscores":[50],"importance":[52],"understanding":[54],"how":[55],"these":[56,104,257],"explain":[58],"interpret":[60],"data":[61],"take":[63],"informed":[64,254],"decisions.":[65],"comprehensively":[68],"analyzes":[69],"challenges":[70],"solutions":[72],"presented":[73],"literature,":[76],"offering":[77],"an":[78,125,215],"overview":[79],"most":[82],"recent":[83],"techniques":[84,159],"utilized":[85],"this":[87,129,212],"field.":[88],"It":[89],"also":[90],"provides":[91],"precise":[92],"definitions":[93],"explainability,":[97],"aiming":[98],"clarify":[100],"distinctions":[102],"between":[103,180,244],"concepts":[105],"implications":[108],"decision-making":[111],"process.":[112],"Our":[113],"analysis,":[114],"based":[115],"448":[117],"articles":[118],"addressing":[120,248],"seven":[121],"research":[122],"questions,":[123],"reveals":[124],"exponential":[126],"growth":[127],"field":[130],"over":[131],"last":[133],"decade.":[134],"The":[135],"psychological":[136],"dimensions":[137],"public":[139],"perception":[140],"underscore":[141],"necessity":[143],"effective":[145],"communication":[146],"regarding":[147],"capabilities":[149],"limitations":[151],"artificial":[153,192,205,233],"intelligence.":[154,234],"Researchers":[155],"actively":[157],"developing":[158],"enhance":[161],"interpretability,":[162],"employing":[163],"visualization":[164],"methods":[165],"reducing":[167],"model":[168],"complexity.":[169],"However,":[170],"persistent":[172],"challenge":[173],"lies":[174],"finding":[176],"delicate":[178],"balance":[179],"achieving":[181],"high":[182],"performance":[183],"maintaining":[185],"interpretability.":[186],"Acknowledging":[187],"significance":[190],"intelligence":[193,206],"aiding":[195],"diagnosis":[197],"therapy,":[199],"creation":[202],"interpretable":[204],"models":[207],"is":[208,225,238],"considered":[209],"essential.":[210],"In":[211],"dynamic":[213],"context,":[214],"unwavering":[216],"commitment":[217,237],"transparency,":[219],"ethical":[220],"considerations,":[221],"interdisciplinary":[223],"collaboration":[224],"imperative":[226],"ensure":[228],"responsible":[230],"use":[231],"collective":[236],"vital":[239],"establishing":[241],"enduring":[242],"trust":[243],"clinicians":[245],"patients,":[247],"emerging":[249],"challenges,":[250],"facilitating":[252],"adoption":[255],"advanced":[258],"technologies":[259],"medicine.":[261]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":86},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":35}],"updated_date":"2026-04-22T08:38:42.863108","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}