{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4379537634","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-023-00067-3","title":"Evaluating deep generative models on cognitive tasks: a case study","display_name":"Evaluating deep generative models on cognitive tasks: a case study","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4379537634","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-023-00067-3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-023-00067-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-023-00067-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-023-00067-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-023-00067-3.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014259564","display_name":"Zhisheng Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7347-3701"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhisheng Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074197492","display_name":"Mayank Kejriwal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5988-8305"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mayank Kejriwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074197492"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"],"apc_list":{"value":1340,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1340},"apc_paid":{"value":1340,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1340},"fwci":0.8455,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76770005,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9872000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9677000045776367,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/axiom","display_name":"Axiom","score":0.6626167297363281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.647416889667511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.583428680896759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rationality","display_name":"Rationality","score":0.5795754194259644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5250520706176758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.506918728351593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/irrational-number","display_name":"Irrational number","score":0.4899543821811676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.440989226102829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/a-priori-and-a-posteriori","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","score":0.4325867295265198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-economics","display_name":"Mathematical economics","score":0.3701271414756775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.32061874866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23482778668403625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.23034611344337463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.22987085580825806}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167729594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17736","display_name":"Axiom","level":2,"score":0.6626167297363281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.647416889667511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.583428680896759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201717286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938185","display_name":"Rationality","level":2,"score":0.5795754194259644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5250520706176758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.506918728351593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94931360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q607728","display_name":"Irrational number","level":2,"score":0.4899543821811676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.440989226102829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75553542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178161","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","level":2,"score":0.4325867295265198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.3701271414756775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.32061874866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23482778668403625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.23034611344337463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.22987085580825806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-023-00067-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-023-00067-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-023-00067-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3edfbfa6a5c44bab8db45fdc40e8130f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3edfbfa6a5c44bab8db45fdc40e8130f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence, Vol 3, Iss 1, Pp 1-19 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-023-00067-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-023-00067-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-023-00067-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7599999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4379537634.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1992661874","https://openalex.org/W2032846947","https://openalex.org/W2137834003","https://openalex.org/W2148962857","https://openalex.org/W2284523423","https://openalex.org/W2312208947","https://openalex.org/W2594908799","https://openalex.org/W2761616963","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W3004346089","https://openalex.org/W3118485687","https://openalex.org/W3199619722","https://openalex.org/W4224279587","https://openalex.org/W4280543132","https://openalex.org/W4312090938","https://openalex.org/W4318263917","https://openalex.org/W4319985663","https://openalex.org/W4361205837","https://openalex.org/W4379959055","https://openalex.org/W4385893535","https://openalex.org/W4392669753","https://openalex.org/W6739901393"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3088646517","https://openalex.org/W2973552040","https://openalex.org/W2185277279","https://openalex.org/W4388260134","https://openalex.org/W3180334203","https://openalex.org/W206201883","https://openalex.org/W2901423273","https://openalex.org/W3203032295","https://openalex.org/W165507080","https://openalex.org/W4230905857"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"We":[1,175],"present":[2],"a":[3,33,78,188,195],"detailed":[4],"case":[5],"study":[6],"evaluating":[7,90],"selective":[8],"cognitive":[9],"abilities":[10],"(decision":[11],"making":[12],"and":[13,24,133,181,210],"spatial":[14,62],"reasoning)":[15],"of":[16,44,81,112,116,123,130,198],"two":[17],"recently":[18],"released":[19],"generative":[20,209],"transformer":[21],"models,":[22],"ChatGPT":[23,91],"DALL-E":[25,49],"2.":[26],"Input":[27],"prompts":[28],"were":[29],"constructed":[30],"following":[31],"neutral":[32],"priori":[34],"guidelines,":[35],"rather":[36],"than":[37],"adversarial":[38],"intent.":[39],"Post":[40],"hoc":[41],"qualitative":[42],"analysis":[43],"the":[45,73,82,86,93,98,124,179],"outputs":[46,137],"shows":[47],"that":[48,204],"2":[50],"is":[51],"able":[52,165],"to":[53,76,143,166,214],"generate":[54],"at":[55,120],"least":[56,121],"one":[57,122],"correct":[58,168],"image":[59],"for":[60,158,170],"each":[61],"reasoning":[63,156],"prompt,":[64],"but":[65],"most":[66],"images":[67],"generated":[68],"are":[69,207],"incorrect,":[70],"even":[71,126,146],"though":[72],"model":[74],"seems":[75],"have":[77],"clear":[79],"understanding":[80],"objects":[83],"mentioned":[84],"in":[85,89,184,212],"prompt.":[87],"Similarly,":[88],"on":[92,138,178],"rationality":[94],"axioms":[95,125],"developed":[96],"under":[97,127],"classical":[99],"Von":[100],"Neumann-Morgenstern":[101],"utility":[102],"theorem,":[103],"we":[104],"find":[105],"that,":[106],"although":[107],"it":[108,148,163,193],"demonstrates":[109],"some":[110,159],"level":[111],"rational":[113],"decision-making,":[114],"many":[115],"its":[117],"decisions":[118,151],"violate":[119],"reasonable":[128],"constructions":[129],"preferences,":[131],"bets,":[132],"decision-making":[134,161],"prompts.":[135,215],"ChatGPT\u2019s":[136],"such":[139,187],"problems":[140],"generally":[141],"tended":[142],"be":[144],"unpredictable:":[145],"as":[147],"made":[149],"irrational":[150],"(or":[152],"employed":[153],"an":[154],"incorrect":[155],"process)":[157],"simpler":[160],"problems,":[162],"was":[164],"draw":[167],"conclusions":[169],"more":[171],"complex":[172],"bet":[173],"structures.":[174],"briefly":[176],"comment":[177],"nuances":[180],"challenges":[182],"involved":[183],"scaling":[185],"up":[186],"\u2018cognitive\u2019":[189],"evaluation":[190],"or":[191],"conducting":[192],"with":[194],"closed":[196],"set":[197],"answer":[199],"keys":[200],"(\u2018ground":[201],"truth\u2019),":[202],"given":[203],"these":[205],"models":[206],"inherently":[208],"open-ended":[211],"responding":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
