{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3213735916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-021-00013-1","title":"Robust feature space separation for deep convolutional neural network training","display_name":"Robust feature space separation for deep convolutional neural network training","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3213735916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-021-00013-1","mag":"3213735916"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-021-00013-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-021-00013-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-021-00013-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-021-00013-1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038282519","display_name":"Ali Sekmen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5342-0418"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75256744","display_name":"Tennessee State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01fpczx89","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75256744"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ali Sekmen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, 37209, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, 37209, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75256744"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058428944","display_name":"Mustafa Parlaktuna","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75256744","display_name":"Tennessee State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01fpczx89","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75256744"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mustafa Parlaktuna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, 37209, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, 37209, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75256744"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037116351","display_name":"Ayad Abdul-Malek","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75256744","display_name":"Tennessee State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01fpczx89","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75256744"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayad Abdul-Malek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, 37209, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, 37209, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75256744"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018192958","display_name":"Erdem Erdemir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1715-9849"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75256744","display_name":"Tennessee State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01fpczx89","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75256744"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erdem Erdemir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, 37209, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, 37209, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75256744"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065067533","display_name":"Ahmet Bu\u011fra Koku","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4783-1317"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201799495","display_name":"Middle East Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/014weej12","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmet Bugra Koku","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038282519"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75256744"],"apc_list":{"value":990,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1067},"apc_paid":{"value":990,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1067},"fwci":0.4849,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66086185,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6550283432006836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6352182626724243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6189558506011963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5607985854148865}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6550283432006836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6352182626724243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6189558506011963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5607985854148865}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-021-00013-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-021-00013-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-021-00013-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0c4975ea7511433cbff1e6d106499b8e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0c4975ea7511433cbff1e6d106499b8e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence, Vol 1, Iss 1, Pp 1-11 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://open.metu.edu.tr:11511/100237","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44163-021-00013-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402495","display_name":"OpenMETU (Middle East Technical University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I201799495","host_organization_name":"Middle East Technical University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-021-00013-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-021-00013-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-021-00013-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3213735916.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3213735916.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W2102991522","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2123921160","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2177347332","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2261252251","https://openalex.org/W2261689926","https://openalex.org/W2265127172","https://openalex.org/W2314571977","https://openalex.org/W2325939864","https://openalex.org/W2557738935","https://openalex.org/W2581082771","https://openalex.org/W2590796488","https://openalex.org/W2592929672","https://openalex.org/W2734358244","https://openalex.org/W2742947407","https://openalex.org/W2750384547","https://openalex.org/W2752230697","https://openalex.org/W2764289073","https://openalex.org/W2886613400","https://openalex.org/W2912495407","https://openalex.org/W2913869353","https://openalex.org/W2962850989","https://openalex.org/W2962872245","https://openalex.org/W2965544055","https://openalex.org/W2994278562","https://openalex.org/W2997234557","https://openalex.org/W3002335888","https://openalex.org/W3023833428","https://openalex.org/W3028629919","https://openalex.org/W3102431071","https://openalex.org/W3143649444","https://openalex.org/W3162220519","https://openalex.org/W3165527726","https://openalex.org/W3177828909","https://openalex.org/W4245923654","https://openalex.org/W4250657332","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6601597184"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2317200988","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W2382290278"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"paper":[2],"introduces":[3],"two":[4],"deep":[5,35],"convolutional":[6,36,57],"neural":[7,37,58,70],"network":[8,59,71,151,220],"training":[9,111],"techniques":[10],"that":[11,25,225],"lead":[12],"to":[13,21],"more":[14],"robust":[15],"feature":[16,97,117],"subspace":[17,184],"separation":[18],"in":[19],"comparison":[20],"traditional":[22],"training.":[23],"Assume":[24],"dataset":[26],"has":[27],"M":[28,34],"labels.":[29],"The":[30,167,213],"first":[31,228],"method":[32,169,229,237],"creates":[33,170],"networks":[38,48],"called":[39],"$$\\{\\text":[40],"{DCNN}_i\\}_{i=1}^{M}$$":[41],"<mml:math":[42,51,63,75,87,101,122,143,149,154,162,198,210],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mo>{</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mtext>DCNN</mml:mtext><mml:mi>i</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>}</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mi>M</mml:mi></mml:msubsup></mml:math>":[43],".":[44,103,156,212],"Each":[45,119],"of":[46,55,82,194,203],"the":[47,187,191,201,227,235],"$$\\text":[49,61,73,120,152],"{DCNN}_i$$":[50,153],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>DCNN</mml:mtext><mml:mi>i</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:math>":[52,155],"is":[53,107,136,145,164,223],"composed":[54],"a":[56,67,80,126,130,171,177],"(":[60,72],"{CNN}_i$$":[62],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>CNN</mml:mtext><mml:mi>i</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:math>":[64],")":[65],"and":[66,91,174,200],"fully":[68],"connected":[69],"{FCNN}_i$$":[74,121],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>FCNN</mml:mtext><mml:mi>i</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:math>":[76,123],").":[77],"In":[78],"training,":[79],"set":[81],"projection":[83],"matrices":[84],"$$\\{\\mathbf":[85],"{P}_i\\}_{i=1}^M$$":[86],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mo>{</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>}</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mi>M</mml:mi></mml:msubsup></mml:math>":[88],"are":[89,216],"created":[90],"adaptively":[92],"updated":[93],"as":[94,125],"representations":[95],"for":[96,109,147,232,240],"subspaces":[98,195,206],"$$\\{\\mathcal":[99,207],"{S}_i\\}_{i=1}^M$$":[100],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mo>{</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>}</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mi>M</mml:mi></mml:msubsup></mml:math>":[102],"A":[104,139,157],"rejection":[105,137],"value":[106,141],"computed":[108],"each":[110],"based":[112],"on":[113,116,183,190],"its":[114],"projections":[115],"subspaces.":[118],"acts":[124],"binary":[127],"classifier":[128],"with":[129],"cost":[131,178],"function":[132,179],"whose":[133,180],"main":[134],"parameter":[135],"values.":[138],"threshold":[140],"$$t_i$$":[142],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:msub><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:math>":[144],"determined":[146],"$$i^{th}$$":[148],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:msup><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>th</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math>":[150],"testing":[158],"strategy":[159],"utilizing":[160],"$$\\{t_i\\}_{i=1}^M$$":[161],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mo>{</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>}</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mi>M</mml:mi></mml:msubsup></mml:math>":[163],"also":[165],"introduced.":[166],"second":[168,236],"single":[172],"DCNN":[173],"it":[175],"computes":[176],"parameters":[181],"depend":[182],"separations":[185],"using":[186,218],"geodesic":[188],"distance":[189],"Grasmannian":[192],"manifold":[193],"$$\\mathcal":[196],"{S}_i$$":[197],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:msub><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:math>":[199],"sum":[202],"all":[204],"remaining":[205],"{S}_j\\}_{j=1,j\\ne":[208],"i}^M$$":[209],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mo>{</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mi>j</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>}</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>j</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi>j</mml:mi><mml:mo>\u2260</mml:mo><mml:mi>i</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mi>M</mml:mi></mml:msubsup></mml:math>":[211],"proposed":[214],"methods":[215],"tested":[217],"multiple":[219],"topologies.":[221],"It":[222],"shown":[224],"while":[226],"works":[230],"better":[231,239],"smaller":[233],"networks,":[234],"performs":[238],"complex":[241],"architectures.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
