{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127097550","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43926-025-00274-7","title":"Blockchain and IoT based smart contract framework for efficient and secure product life management","display_name":"Blockchain and IoT based smart contract framework for efficient and secure product life management","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127097550","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43926-025-00274-7"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43926-025-00274-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43926-025-00274-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210230675","display_name":"Discover Internet of Things","issn_l":"2730-7239","issn":["2730-7239"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Internet of Things","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43926-025-00274-7","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124773747","display_name":"Divya Upadhyay","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155125381","display_name":"Galgotias University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w8ba206","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155125381"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Divya Upadhyay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science & Engineering-AI, Galgotias College of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science & Engineering-AI, Galgotias College of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155125381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124792825","display_name":"Puneet Garg","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166533956","display_name":"Institute of Management Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05k0kb696","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166533956"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Puneet Garg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science & Engineering-AI, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi NCR, Ghaziabad, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science & Engineering-AI, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi NCR, Ghaziabad, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166533956"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124772159","display_name":"Nandini Babbar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146682","display_name":"Intel (India)","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2n1245","country_code":"IN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700","https://openalex.org/I4210146682"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73779912","display_name":"Manipal University Jaipur","ror":"https://ror.org/040h76494","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nandini Babbar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of IoT and Intelligent Systems, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of IoT and Intelligent Systems, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73779912","https://openalex.org/I4210146682"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5124772159"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146682","https://openalex.org/I73779912"],"apc_list":{"value":990,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1067},"apc_paid":{"value":990,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1067},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14058916,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9506999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9506999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.0026000000070780516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14347","display_name":"Big Data and Digital Economy","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.6866000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traceability","display_name":"Traceability","score":0.6155999898910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","score":0.4869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product-lifecycle","display_name":"Product lifecycle","score":0.46810001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.4316999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/invoice","display_name":"Invoice","score":0.4108000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4007999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.39800000190734863}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.6866000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6589000225067139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153876917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899704","display_name":"Traceability","level":2,"score":0.6155999898910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194304873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1967338","display_name":"Product lifecycle","level":3,"score":0.46810001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.4316999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.424699991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781456945","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190581","display_name":"Invoice","level":2,"score":0.4108000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4007999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.39800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.36570000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.35530000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.35030001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.3449999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165136773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1363179","display_name":"Single point of failure","level":2,"score":0.3391000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.30640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.2904999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7465953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1572577","display_name":"Product life-cycle management","level":2,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778963849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1473552","display_name":"Order fulfillment","level":3,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143273055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2382794","display_name":"Delegate","level":2,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2547000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.2538999915122986}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43926-025-00274-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43926-025-00274-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210230675","display_name":"Discover Internet of Things","issn_l":"2730-7239","issn":["2730-7239"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Internet of Things","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c45fceb68e06448497d6f1a3385ea93e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c45fceb68e06448497d6f1a3385ea93e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Discover Internet of Things, Vol 6, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43926-025-00274-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43926-025-00274-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210230675","display_name":"Discover Internet of Things","issn_l":"2730-7239","issn":["2730-7239"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Internet of Things","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":0.5395352244377136,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2089926060","https://openalex.org/W2339848686","https://openalex.org/W2517744317","https://openalex.org/W2536137494","https://openalex.org/W2539190473","https://openalex.org/W2680793898","https://openalex.org/W2752925090","https://openalex.org/W2769609281","https://openalex.org/W2793666341","https://openalex.org/W2805827286","https://openalex.org/W2891282812","https://openalex.org/W2893112400","https://openalex.org/W2894955077","https://openalex.org/W2899157002","https://openalex.org/W2914469336","https://openalex.org/W2914735843","https://openalex.org/W2936417988","https://openalex.org/W2950294262","https://openalex.org/W2963966643","https://openalex.org/W2964053150","https://openalex.org/W2965414413","https://openalex.org/W2970337504","https://openalex.org/W3021222613","https://openalex.org/W3037268585","https://openalex.org/W3096316084","https://openalex.org/W3115618405","https://openalex.org/W3116484444","https://openalex.org/W3127620342","https://openalex.org/W3152617045","https://openalex.org/W3187032581","https://openalex.org/W3204464367","https://openalex.org/W4206310547","https://openalex.org/W4226256841","https://openalex.org/W4229944534","https://openalex.org/W4234909972","https://openalex.org/W4295935146","https://openalex.org/W4313642980","https://openalex.org/W4318305740","https://openalex.org/W4392391406","https://openalex.org/W4402504896","https://openalex.org/W4408862139","https://openalex.org/W4413505451","https://openalex.org/W4415145477"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Product":[0],"life":[1,93,285],"cycle":[2],"management":[3,286],"(PLM)":[4],"in":[5,26,39,239,257],"large":[6],"supply":[7],"chains":[8],"still":[9],"suffers":[10],"from":[11],"limited":[12],"transparency,":[13,318],"manual":[14,269],"record-keeping,":[15],"and":[16,21,31,44,52,65,69,102,135,139,179,197,207,216,235,253,255,264,282,300,320,334],"weak":[17],"traceability":[18],"of":[19,79,90,214,233,237,259],"provenance":[20],"expiry,":[22],"which":[23],"often":[24],"results":[25],"counterfeit":[27],"products,":[28],"delayed":[29],"recalls,":[30],"unsafe":[32],"items":[33],"reaching":[34],"consumers.":[35],"After":[36],"the":[37,58,91,111,120,127,137,167,225,274],"advancements":[38],"blockchain":[40,305],"technologies,":[41],"immutable,":[42],"decentralised":[43],"auto-generated":[45],"smart":[46,112,121,168,292],"contracts":[47,293],"provide":[48],"a":[49,77,115,124,185],"secure,":[50],"safe,":[51],"organised":[53],"solution":[54],"for":[55,123,288],"consent":[56],"to":[57,71,165,314],"agreement":[59],"between":[60],"two":[61],"or":[62],"more":[63],"parties":[64],"help":[66,164],"digital":[67],"assets":[68],"transactions":[70],"occur":[72],"efficiently":[73],"This":[74],"work":[75],"proposes":[76],"Blockchain\u2013Internet":[78],"Things":[80],"(B-IoT)":[81],"based":[82],"smart-contract":[83,277],"framework":[84,278],"that":[85,273],"automates":[86],"three":[87],"key":[88],"phases":[89],"product":[92,125,150,284],"cycle:":[94],"purchase":[95,128],"order":[96,129],"creation,":[97],"invoice":[98],"generation":[99],"at":[100],"delivery,":[101],"expiry-driven":[103],"discard":[104],"management.":[105],"The":[106,202,244],"proposed":[107,275],"system":[108],"will":[109,118,144,163],"auto-trigger":[110,166,315],"contract":[113,122,242],"through":[114],"program.":[116],"It":[117],"generate":[119,132],"when":[126],"is":[130,246],"placed,":[131],"an":[133,212,229],"invoice,":[134],"handle":[136],"expired":[138],"discarded":[140],"products.":[141],"IoT":[142,309],"devices":[143],"record":[145],"important":[146],"parameters":[147,162,173],"such":[148],"as":[149],"ID":[151],"scanning,":[152],"recording":[153],"storage":[154],"temperature,":[155],"GPS":[156],"trackers":[157],"during":[158],"transportation,":[159],"etc.":[160],"These":[161],"contract.":[169],"To":[170],"tune":[171],"threshold":[172],"(e.g.,":[174],"temperature":[175],"bounds,":[176],"delay":[177],"limits)":[178],"minimize":[180],"cost\u2013latency":[181],"trade-offs,":[182],"we":[183],"build":[184],"lightweight":[186],"regression":[187],"model":[188,203],"whose":[189],"hyper-parameters":[190],"are":[191],"optimized":[192],"using":[193,248],"nature-inspired":[194],"Mayfly":[195],"(MFA)":[196],"Honey":[198],"Badger":[199],"(HBA)":[200],"algorithms.":[201],"predicts":[204],"gas":[205,260],"usage":[206],"latency":[208],"per":[209],"phase,":[210],"achieving":[211],"RMSE":[213],"0.15":[215],"R2":[217],"\u2248":[218],"0.9":[219],"on":[220],"simulated":[221],"transaction":[222],"logs,":[223],"while":[224],"final":[226],"configuration":[227],"yields":[228],"average":[230],"execution":[231],"efficiency":[232],"92.3%":[234],"accuracy":[236],"94.9%":[238],"correctly":[240],"auto-triggering":[241],"phases.":[243],"prototype":[245],"implemented":[247],"Ganache":[249],"Truffle":[250],"Suite,":[251],"Remix,":[252],"MyEtherWallet,":[254],"evaluated":[256],"terms":[258],"consumption,":[261],"functional":[262],"correctness,":[263],"automation":[265],"benefits":[266],"over":[267],"traditional":[268],"contracts.":[270],"Results":[271],"demonstrate":[272],"B-IoT":[276,291],"provides":[279],"transparent,":[280],"tamper-resistant,":[281],"fine-grained":[283],"suitable":[287],"industrial":[289],"deployments.":[290],"automate":[294],"PLM":[295],"via":[296],"event-driven":[297],"purchase,":[298],"invoicing,":[299],"expiry":[301],"handling":[302],"with":[303,324],"tamper-proof":[304],"logs.":[306],"Secure":[307],"oracle-driven":[308],"integration":[310],"validates":[311],"sensor":[312],"data":[313],"contracts,":[316],"ensuring":[317],"traceability,":[319],"safety.":[321],"Optimized":[322],"performance":[323],"MFA\u2013HBA":[325],"tuning":[326],"achieves":[327],"approx.":[328,331],"95%":[329],"accuracy,":[330],"92%":[332],"efficiency,":[333],"low":[335],"gas-latency":[336],"trade-offs.":[337]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2026-02-03T00:00:00"}
