{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413311605","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43926-025-00190-w","title":"Hybrid IoT-CAD system: optimized feature selection based gated recurrent residual deep learning for cyber attack detection in IoT networks","display_name":"Hybrid IoT-CAD system: optimized feature selection based gated recurrent residual deep learning for cyber attack detection in IoT networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413311605","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43926-025-00190-w"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43926-025-00190-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43926-025-00190-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43926-025-00190-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210230675","display_name":"Discover Internet of Things","issn_l":"2730-7239","issn":["2730-7239"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Internet of Things","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43926-025-00190-w.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068696091","display_name":"Susheela Vishnoi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9846-0587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99552915","display_name":"University of Rajasthan","ror":"https://ror.org/05arfhc56","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99552915"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Susheela Vishnoi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, 302026, Rajasthan, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, 302026, Rajasthan, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99552915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083094045","display_name":"Sunil Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5170-5508"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99552915","display_name":"University of Rajasthan","ror":"https://ror.org/05arfhc56","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99552915"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sunil Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of IoT and Intelligent Systems, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, 302026, Rajasthan, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of IoT and Intelligent Systems, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, 302026, Rajasthan, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99552915"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048180035","display_name":"Saikat Samanta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8154-1148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99552915","display_name":"University of Rajasthan","ror":"https://ror.org/05arfhc56","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99552915"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saikat Samanta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of IoT and Intelligent Systems, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, 302026, Rajasthan, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of IoT and Intelligent Systems, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, 302026, Rajasthan, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99552915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068696091"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99552915"],"apc_list":{"value":990,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1067},"apc_paid":{"value":990,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1067},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.24399727,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.7513245344161987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.7246060371398926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7049998044967651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.6520270109176636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5519107580184937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5351895093917847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cad","display_name":"CAD","score":0.5332989692687988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.507796585559845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.5066671967506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.38382217288017273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3752692639827728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.24679350852966309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1491532325744629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.131102055311203}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.7513245344161987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.7246060371398926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7049998044967651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.6520270109176636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5519107580184937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5351895093917847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194789388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17855283","display_name":"CAD","level":2,"score":0.5332989692687988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.507796585559845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.5066671967506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.38382217288017273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3752692639827728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.24679350852966309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1491532325744629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.131102055311203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199639397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1788588","display_name":"Engineering drawing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43926-025-00190-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43926-025-00190-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43926-025-00190-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210230675","display_name":"Discover Internet of Things","issn_l":"2730-7239","issn":["2730-7239"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Internet of Things","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:df993fffd5f64e5784c957d3b625c8f9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/df993fffd5f64e5784c957d3b625c8f9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Discover Internet of Things, Vol 5, Iss 1, Pp 1-35 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43926-025-00190-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43926-025-00190-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43926-025-00190-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210230675","display_name":"Discover Internet of Things","issn_l":"2730-7239","issn":["2730-7239"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Internet of Things","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413311605.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413311605.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3195296845","https://openalex.org/W4205129187","https://openalex.org/W4210302273","https://openalex.org/W4213415064","https://openalex.org/W4214703929","https://openalex.org/W4280575251","https://openalex.org/W4281714233","https://openalex.org/W4282918766","https://openalex.org/W4283372767","https://openalex.org/W4283450014","https://openalex.org/W4285091698","https://openalex.org/W4296196993","https://openalex.org/W4297152848","https://openalex.org/W4302007495","https://openalex.org/W4307573706","https://openalex.org/W4312795059","https://openalex.org/W4313890394","https://openalex.org/W4316661052","https://openalex.org/W4319069705","https://openalex.org/W4319791240","https://openalex.org/W4323022376","https://openalex.org/W4323034524","https://openalex.org/W4324137337","https://openalex.org/W4362585937","https://openalex.org/W4362605381","https://openalex.org/W4366541802","https://openalex.org/W4385236602","https://openalex.org/W4386262323","https://openalex.org/W4387458640","https://openalex.org/W4387844986","https://openalex.org/W4392246839","https://openalex.org/W4392762544","https://openalex.org/W4400315323","https://openalex.org/W4401989156","https://openalex.org/W4402223817","https://openalex.org/W4403528916","https://openalex.org/W4405865604","https://openalex.org/W4410086503","https://openalex.org/W4412632251"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2334610590","https://openalex.org/W4245926026","https://openalex.org/W2320366403","https://openalex.org/W3204197061","https://openalex.org/W4311097251","https://openalex.org/W2586548817","https://openalex.org/W4251350712","https://openalex.org/W637098845","https://openalex.org/W2410116073","https://openalex.org/W3044972437"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,72,202],"growth":[2],"in":[3,40,65,184],"intelligent":[4],"services":[5],"with":[6,160,167],"fewer":[7],"resources":[8],"and":[9,42,57,83,96,107,147,179,181,193,214,236],"advanced":[10],"communication":[11],"technologies":[12],"has":[13],"positioned":[14],"the":[15,21,86,93,97,113,120,133,150,220,224],"Internet":[16],"of":[17,115,152,208,212,217,230,234,239],"Things":[18],"(IoT)":[19],"as":[20],"leading":[22],"framework":[23],"for":[24,143,175,195,219],"less":[25],"power":[26],"lossy":[27],"networks.":[28],"However,":[29],"IoT":[30,66,74,197],"systems":[31],"face":[32],"significant":[33],"risks":[34],"from":[35,92,199],"cyberattacks":[36],"due":[37],"to":[38,61,111,118],"drawbacks":[39],"storage":[41],"computation.":[43],"In":[44,85],"this":[45],"work,":[46],"a":[47,155,210,232],"novel":[48],"approach":[49],"is":[50,102,141,173],"introduced":[51],"that":[52],"combines":[53],"deep":[54,163],"learning":[55,59],"(DL)":[56],"machine":[58],"(ML)":[60],"improve":[62,112],"cyber-attack":[63],"detection":[64,178,191],"networks,":[67],"which":[68],"solves":[69],"cybersecurity":[70],"issues.":[71],"proposed":[73,174],"system":[75],"includes":[76],"four":[77],"steps:":[78],"pre-processing,":[79],"augmentation,":[80],"feature":[81,145],"selection,":[82],"classification.":[84,185],"initial":[87],"phase,":[88],"data":[89,121],"are":[90,129],"collected":[91],"ToN-IoT":[94,221],"dataset":[95,226],"BoT-IoT":[98,225],"dataset.":[99,222],"Then,":[100],"pre-processing":[101],"employed":[103],"using":[104],"Z-score":[105],"normalization":[106],"missing":[108],"value":[109],"imputation":[110],"quality":[114],"data.":[116],"Next,":[117],"solve":[119],"imbalance":[122],"problem,":[123],"Conditional":[124],"Generative":[125],"Adversarial":[126],"Networks":[127],"(CGAN)":[128],"employed.":[130],"After":[131],"that,":[132],"Binary":[134],"Genetic":[135],"Dung":[136],"Beetle":[137],"Optimization":[138],"(B-GDBO)":[139],"method":[140],"utilized":[142],"optimal":[144],"selection":[146],"also":[148],"reduces":[149],"risk":[151],"overfitting.":[153],"Ultimately,":[154],"one-dimensional":[156],"Gated":[157],"Recurrent":[158],"Unit":[159],"attention":[161],"based":[162],"residual":[164],"network":[165],"combined":[166],"Support":[168],"Vector":[169],"Machine":[170],"(1D":[171],"GRU-AtDRN-SVM)":[172],"accurate":[176],"attack":[177],"classification,":[180],"improves":[182],"accuracy":[183,192,207,229],"This":[186],"hybrid":[187],"model":[188],"supports":[189],"improved":[190],"resilience":[194],"protecting":[196],"networks":[198],"cyber":[200],"threats.":[201],"experimental":[203],"results":[204],"attain":[205],"an":[206,215,228,237],"99.5%,":[209],"precision":[211,233],"98.72%,":[213],"F1-score":[216,238],"98.26%":[218],"Also,":[223],"achieves":[227],"99.3%,":[231],"99.01%,":[235],"98.89%.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-17T17:19:04.345684","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}