{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413304852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43684-025-00100-5","title":"Large language models for PHM: a review of optimization techniques and applications","display_name":"Large language models for PHM: a review of optimization techniques and applications","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413304852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43684-025-00100-5"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43684-025-00100-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43684-025-00100-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43684-025-00100-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227358","display_name":"Autonomous Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2730-616X","issn":["2730-616X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Autonomous Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43684-025-00100-5.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037961247","display_name":"Tingyi Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8449-3650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tingyi Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040438197","display_name":"Junya Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3451-4088"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junya Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053301669","display_name":"Qingyun Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7018-4763"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingyun Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106407830","display_name":"Li Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2990-1614"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China","School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100690095","display_name":"Ying Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4091-7871"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009412588","display_name":"Ra\u00fal Poler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4475-6371"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/01460j859","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raul Poler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior de Alcoy, Research Centre on Production Management and Engineering, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Calle Alarc\u00f3n, Alcoy (Alicante), 03801, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior de Alcoy, Research Centre on Production Management and Engineering, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Calle Alarc\u00f3n, Alcoy (Alicante), 03801, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037961247"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6579,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91615326,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5971057415008545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.36842280626296997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.35919928550720215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.32844698429107666}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5971057415008545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.36842280626296997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.35919928550720215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.32844698429107666}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43684-025-00100-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43684-025-00100-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43684-025-00100-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227358","display_name":"Autonomous Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2730-616X","issn":["2730-616X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Autonomous Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk:180662","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401195","display_name":"ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","host_organization_name":"Cardiff University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1fd8bd7920a34271bfa3a128408d103f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1fd8bd7920a34271bfa3a128408d103f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Autonomous Intelligent Systems, Vol 5, Iss 1, Pp 1-14 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43684-025-00100-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43684-025-00100-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43684-025-00100-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227358","display_name":"Autonomous Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2730-616X","issn":["2730-616X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Autonomous Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1448647595","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023-XZ-65","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330193","funder_display_name":"Chinese Academy of Engineering"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1547227467","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2088101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2575069074","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62088101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3631211912","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023-XZ-65","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4020255992","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Project","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4606321376","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021SHZDZX0100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5939423041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Technology","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6258415954","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Chinese","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6449909301","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"92367101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6786117033","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"171172","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G764631407","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"72171172","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7726157001","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant No.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8467678729","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"6208810","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8955107213","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Major","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330193","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00z3yke57"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413304852.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413304852.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":82,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1583837637","https://openalex.org/W2028119131","https://openalex.org/W2060304859","https://openalex.org/W2070803528","https://openalex.org/W2107074288","https://openalex.org/W2139833307","https://openalex.org/W2296172419","https://openalex.org/W2612690371","https://openalex.org/W2616957565","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2952516470","https://openalex.org/W2962835968","https://openalex.org/W2990138404","https://openalex.org/W3005641657","https://openalex.org/W3006342871","https://openalex.org/W3008130297","https://openalex.org/W3040266635","https://openalex.org/W3044438666","https://openalex.org/W3098267758","https://openalex.org/W3135550350","https://openalex.org/W3168997536","https://openalex.org/W3174770825","https://openalex.org/W3209059054","https://openalex.org/W3214066484","https://openalex.org/W3215626407","https://openalex.org/W4205991051","https://openalex.org/W4225591000","https://openalex.org/W4236965008","https://openalex.org/W4283026156","https://openalex.org/W4285247752","https://openalex.org/W4288028629","https://openalex.org/W4307934016","https://openalex.org/W4311415873","https://openalex.org/W4322766882","https://openalex.org/W4372260310","https://openalex.org/W4384345635","https://openalex.org/W4384648484","https://openalex.org/W4384919461","https://openalex.org/W4385571124","https://openalex.org/W4386080541","https://openalex.org/W4386187806","https://openalex.org/W4386364964","https://openalex.org/W4386566659","https://openalex.org/W4387005290","https://openalex.org/W4387321091","https://openalex.org/W4387596421","https://openalex.org/W4388032210","https://openalex.org/W4388132131","https://openalex.org/W4388718054","https://openalex.org/W4389326242","https://openalex.org/W4389518760","https://openalex.org/W4389524500","https://openalex.org/W4389984066","https://openalex.org/W4390723197","https://openalex.org/W4391514872","https://openalex.org/W4391940723","https://openalex.org/W4393146966","https://openalex.org/W4393158476","https://openalex.org/W4393178509","https://openalex.org/W4394946189","https://openalex.org/W4399837985","https://openalex.org/W4402670135","https://openalex.org/W4402670692","https://openalex.org/W4402753378","https://openalex.org/W4403002096","https://openalex.org/W4403024522","https://openalex.org/W4403796472","https://openalex.org/W4404782930","https://openalex.org/W4406032994","https://openalex.org/W4407263578","https://openalex.org/W6600234944","https://openalex.org/W6600351811","https://openalex.org/W6600383830","https://openalex.org/W6600577311","https://openalex.org/W6600617704","https://openalex.org/W6600704668","https://openalex.org/W6600821145","https://openalex.org/W6608025442","https://openalex.org/W6810081322","https://openalex.org/W6818723395","https://openalex.org/W6819060087"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1],"rapid":[2],"advancement":[3],"of":[4,57,193],"Large":[5],"Language":[6],"Models":[7],"(LLMs)":[8],"has":[9],"created":[10],"unprecedented":[11],"opportunities":[12],"for":[13,28,70,82,173,184],"industrial":[14,29,83,97],"automation,":[15],"process":[16,122],"optimization,":[17],"and":[18,36,54,61,79,88,126,152,169,187],"decision":[19],"support":[20],"systems.":[21],"As":[22],"industries":[23],"seek":[24],"to":[25,46,121],"leverage":[26],"LLMs":[27,118],"tasks,":[30],"understanding":[31],"their":[32],"architecture,":[33],"deployment":[34,80,175],"strategies,":[35],"fine-tuning":[37],"methods":[38,90],"becomes":[39],"critical.":[40],"In":[41],"this":[42,65],"review,":[43],"we":[44,100,133],"aim":[45],"summarize":[47],"the":[48,76,190],"challenges,":[49],"key":[50,167],"technologies,":[51],"current":[52],"status,":[53],"future":[55,170],"directions":[56,172],"LLM":[58,174],"in":[59,176,196],"Prognostics":[60],"Health":[62],"Management(PHM).":[63],"First,":[64],"review":[66,179],"introduces":[67],"deep":[68],"learning":[69],"PHM.":[71,177],"We":[72,163],"begin":[73],"by":[74,165],"analyzing":[75],"architectural":[77],"considerations":[78],"strategies":[81],"environments,":[84],"including":[85,137],"acceleration":[86],"techniques":[87,106],"quantization":[89],"that":[91,107,141,148,156],"enable":[92],"efficient":[93],"operation":[94],"on":[95],"resource-constrained":[96],"hardware.":[98],"Second,":[99],"investigate":[101],"Parameter":[102],"Efficient":[103],"Fine-Tuning":[104],"(PEFT)":[105],"allow":[108],"industry-specific":[109],"adaptation":[110],"without":[111],"prohibitive":[112],"computational":[113],"costs.":[114],"Multi-modal":[115],"capabilities":[116],"extending":[117],"beyond":[119],"text":[120],"sensor":[123],"data,":[124],"images,":[125],"time-series":[127],"information":[128],"are":[129],"also":[130],"discussed.":[131],"Finally,":[132],"explore":[134],"emerging":[135],"PHM":[136],"anomaly":[138],"detection":[139],"systems":[140,155],"identify":[142],"equipment":[143],"malfunctions,":[144],"fault":[145],"diagnosis":[146],"frameworks":[147],"determine":[149],"root":[150],"causes,":[151],"specialized":[153],"question-answering":[154],"empower":[157],"workers":[158],"with":[159],"instant":[160],"domain":[161],"expertise.":[162],"conclude":[164],"identifying":[166],"challenges":[168],"research":[171],"This":[178],"provides":[180],"a":[181],"timely":[182],"resource":[183],"researchers,":[185],"engineers,":[186],"decision-makers":[188],"navigating":[189],"transformative":[191],"potential":[192],"language":[194],"models":[195],"industry":[197],"4.0":[198],"environments.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-18T14:38:29.013473","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
