{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200207591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43684-021-00013-z","title":"Autonomous maneuver strategy of swarm air combat based on DDPG","display_name":"Autonomous maneuver strategy of swarm air combat based on DDPG","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200207591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43684-021-00013-z"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43684-021-00013-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43684-021-00013-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43684-021-00013-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227358","display_name":"Autonomous Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2730-616X","issn":["2730-616X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Autonomous Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43684-021-00013-z.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073673484","display_name":"Luhe Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Luhe Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, 710129, China","School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4947-0348","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, 710129, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066765682","display_name":"Jinwen Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3982-806X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinwen Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, 710129, China","School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, 710129, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100440521","display_name":"Zhao Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0809-9821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, 710129, China","School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, 710129, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038929132","display_name":"Chunhui Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0254-5763"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunhui Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, 710129, China","School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, 710129, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073673484"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.1665,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98479488,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12158","display_name":"Guidance and Control Systems","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12158","display_name":"Guidance and Control Systems","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10586","display_name":"Robotic Path Planning Algorithms","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.983299970626831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-combat","display_name":"Air combat","score":0.7950465083122253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swarm-behaviour","display_name":"Swarm behaviour","score":0.7471936941146851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6355032324790955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5762501955032349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.5620365738868713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5273367166519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.5131261944770813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48730552196502686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.348969429731369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2365894615650177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.21223938465118408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.09340903162956238}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988296547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471145","display_name":"Air combat","level":2,"score":0.7950465083122253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181335050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14915018","display_name":"Swarm behaviour","level":2,"score":0.7471936941146851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6355032324790955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5762501955032349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5620365738868713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5273367166519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5131261944770813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48730552196502686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.348969429731369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2365894615650177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.21223938465118408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.09340903162956238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43684-021-00013-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43684-021-00013-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43684-021-00013-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227358","display_name":"Autonomous Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2730-616X","issn":["2730-616X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Autonomous Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43684-021-00013-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43684-021-00013-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43684-021-00013-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227358","display_name":"Autonomous Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2730-616X","issn":["2730-616X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Autonomous Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1504704616","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61803309","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6598768956","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019ZA053008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322857","funder_display_name":"Aeronautical Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6789032591","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018M633574","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322857","display_name":"Aeronautical Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/02wq41p38"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328844","display_name":"China Electronics Technology Group Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/0098hst83"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200207591.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200207591.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1554143025","https://openalex.org/W1595331900","https://openalex.org/W2016271599","https://openalex.org/W2025410794","https://openalex.org/W2036882028","https://openalex.org/W2065702513","https://openalex.org/W2160653558","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2518892488","https://openalex.org/W2547307738","https://openalex.org/W2756174616","https://openalex.org/W2766447205","https://openalex.org/W2898492790","https://openalex.org/W2900341665","https://openalex.org/W2908084908","https://openalex.org/W2909518001","https://openalex.org/W2950688771","https://openalex.org/W2962710355","https://openalex.org/W2971419816","https://openalex.org/W2971504177","https://openalex.org/W2980522727","https://openalex.org/W2988633053","https://openalex.org/W2989916339","https://openalex.org/W2991569933","https://openalex.org/W3003100621","https://openalex.org/W3042317347","https://openalex.org/W3082141066"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3074294383","https://openalex.org/W4283164305","https://openalex.org/W4206669594","https://openalex.org/W2959276766","https://openalex.org/W4295941380","https://openalex.org/W260766989","https://openalex.org/W3139193008","https://openalex.org/W2913448405","https://openalex.org/W3111983280","https://openalex.org/W3164468573"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Unmanned":[1],"aerial":[2],"vehicles":[3],"(UAVs)":[4],"have":[5],"been":[6],"found":[7],"significantly":[8],"important":[9],"in":[10,58],"the":[11,26,37,43,73,79,82,84,90,137,140,152],"air":[12,62,76,92,104,119],"combats,":[13],"where":[14],"intelligent":[15],"and":[16,31,78,89,113],"swarms":[17,57,158],"of":[18,28,55,75,81,87,139,159],"UAVs":[19,38],"will":[20],"be":[21],"able":[22],"to":[23,35],"tackle":[24],"with":[25,39],"tasks":[27],"high":[29],"complexity":[30],"dynamics.":[32],"The":[33,148],"key":[34],"empower":[36],"such":[40],"capability":[41],"is":[42,68,107,130,143,154],"autonomous":[44,52],"maneuver":[45,53,100],"decision":[46],"making.":[47],"In":[48],"this":[49],"paper,":[50],"an":[51],"strategy":[54,101,128,134],"UAV":[56,88,157],"beyond":[59],"visual":[60],"range":[61],"combat":[63,77,93,105,120],"based":[64,71,102,122],"on":[65,72,103,123],"reinforcement":[66],"learning":[67],"proposed.":[69],"First,":[70],"process":[74],"constraints":[80],"swarm,":[83],"motion":[85],"model":[86,94],"multi-to-one":[91],"are":[95],"established.":[96],"Second,":[97],"a":[98,117],"two-stage":[99],"principles":[106],"designed":[108],"which":[109],"include":[110],"inter-vehicle":[111],"collaboration":[112],"target-vehicle":[114],"confrontation.":[115],"Then,":[116],"swarm":[118],"algorithm":[121,142,153],"deep":[124],"deterministic":[125],"policy":[126],"gradient":[127],"(DDPG)":[129],"proposed":[131,141],"for":[132,156],"online":[133],"training.":[135],"Finally,":[136],"effectiveness":[138],"validated":[144],"by":[145],"multi-scene":[146],"simulations.":[147],"results":[149],"show":[150],"that":[151],"suitable":[155],"different":[160],"scales.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-08-02T14:50:37.381335","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}