{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7152074360","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-026-01089-0","title":"Ask ChatGPT: caveats and mitigations for individual users of AI chatbots","display_name":"Ask ChatGPT: caveats and mitigations for individual users of AI chatbots","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7152074360","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-026-01089-0"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43681-026-01089-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-026-01089-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170699","display_name":"AI and Ethics","issn_l":"2730-5953","issn":["2730-5953","2730-5961"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI and Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-026-01089-0","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063760118","display_name":"ChuanYu Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162577319","display_name":"The University of Texas at Dallas","ror":"https://ror.org/049emcs32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chengen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128713903","display_name":"Murat Kantarcioglu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Murat Kantarcioglu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063760118"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"],"apc_list":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.30835314,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.5382000207901001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.5382000207901001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.24789999425411224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11519","display_name":"Digital Mental Health Interventions","score":0.1160999983549118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chatbot","display_name":"Chatbot","score":0.8450999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5333999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.5080999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ask-price","display_name":"Ask price","score":0.48179998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4106000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/situation-awareness","display_name":"Situation awareness","score":0.3041999936103821}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779041454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870780","display_name":"Chatbot","level":2,"score":0.8450999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.5536999702453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5333999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5080999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.503600001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90329073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q914232","display_name":"Ask price","level":2,"score":0.48179998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4106000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.382999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3806999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3695000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.311599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145804949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478123","display_name":"Situation awareness","level":2,"score":0.3041999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.28450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.28360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018769082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1506693","display_name":"Serious game","level":2,"score":0.2750999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780771206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3271761","display_name":"Safeguard","level":2,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32896092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189447","display_name":"Risk management","level":2,"score":0.25459998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43681-026-01089-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-026-01089-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170699","display_name":"AI and Ethics","issn_l":"2730-5953","issn":["2730-5953","2730-5961"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI and Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43681-026-01089-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-026-01089-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170699","display_name":"AI and Ethics","issn_l":"2730-5953","issn":["2730-5953","2730-5961"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI and Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.5731102228164673}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005311247","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2150794602","https://openalex.org/W2593658891","https://openalex.org/W4292104467","https://openalex.org/W4313313666","https://openalex.org/W4323043839","https://openalex.org/W4366989525","https://openalex.org/W4385852384","https://openalex.org/W4386302153","https://openalex.org/W4386830688","https://openalex.org/W4388900228","https://openalex.org/W4392353733","https://openalex.org/W4393540741","https://openalex.org/W4396796749","https://openalex.org/W4399528455","https://openalex.org/W4399848789","https://openalex.org/W4400519915","https://openalex.org/W4400770292","https://openalex.org/W4401947350","https://openalex.org/W4402670429","https://openalex.org/W4404534210","https://openalex.org/W4404782801","https://openalex.org/W4404814666","https://openalex.org/W4405181291","https://openalex.org/W4405241549","https://openalex.org/W4405316956","https://openalex.org/W4406302454","https://openalex.org/W4407095609","https://openalex.org/W4408256269","https://openalex.org/W4408592281","https://openalex.org/W4408790886","https://openalex.org/W4409361424","https://openalex.org/W4409365157","https://openalex.org/W4409736277","https://openalex.org/W4409885395","https://openalex.org/W4411542009","https://openalex.org/W4411630101","https://openalex.org/W4412505619","https://openalex.org/W4412710129","https://openalex.org/W4414274825","https://openalex.org/W4415228214","https://openalex.org/W4415300695","https://openalex.org/W7124956406","https://openalex.org/W7138173367"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"ChatGPT":[1],"and":[2,18,24,39,108,113,135,142,152,156],"other":[3],"Large":[4],"Language":[5],"Model":[6],"(LLM)-based":[7],"AI":[8,56,73,139],"chatbots":[9,74],"become":[10],"increasingly":[11],"integrated":[12],"into":[13],"daily":[14],"life,":[15],"important":[16],"safety":[17,134],"well-being":[19],"concerns":[20,23],"arise.":[21],"What":[22,33],"risks":[25,95],"do":[26],"these":[27,42,65,87,124],"systems":[28],"pose":[29],"for":[30],"individual":[31,61,98],"users?":[32],"potential":[34,109],"harms":[35],"might":[36],"they":[37],"cause,":[38],"how":[40,71],"can":[41],"be":[43],"mitigated?":[44],"In":[45],"this":[46],"work,":[47,75],"we":[48,117],"conduct":[49],"a":[50,92],"structured":[51],"qualitative":[52],"risk":[53],"analysis":[54],"of":[55,86,94,132,138],"chatbot":[57,140],"use":[58],"at":[59],"the":[60,83,133],"level":[62],"to":[63,79,122,129,143,146],"address":[64,123],"questions.":[66],"We":[67,89],"begin":[68],"by":[69],"explaining":[70],"LLM-based":[72],"providing":[76],"foundational":[77],"context":[78],"help":[80],"readers":[81],"understand":[82],"inherent":[84],"limitations":[85],"systems.":[88],"then":[90],"identify":[91],"range":[93],"associated":[96],"with":[97],"use,":[99,141],"including":[100],"hallucinations,":[101],"intrinsic":[102],"biases,":[103],"sycophantic":[104],"behavior,":[105],"cognitive":[106,148],"offloading":[107],"decline,":[110],"social":[111],"isolation,":[112],"privacy":[114],"leakage.":[115],"Finally,":[116],"propose":[118],"key":[119],"mitigation":[120],"strategies":[121],"concerns.":[125],"Our":[126],"goal":[127],"is":[128],"raise":[130],"awareness":[131],"societal":[136],"implications":[137],"empower":[144],"individuals":[145],"protect":[147],"integrity,":[149],"safeguard":[150],"privacy,":[151],"promote":[153],"more":[154],"responsible":[155],"beneficial":[157],"human\u2013AI":[158],"interaction.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2026-04-09T00:00:00"}
