{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416843955","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-025-00884-5","title":"The ethics of analog AI","display_name":"The ethics of analog AI","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416843955","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-025-00884-5"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43681-025-00884-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-025-00884-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43681-025-00884-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170699","display_name":"AI and Ethics","issn_l":"2730-5953","issn":["2730-5953","2730-5961"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI and Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43681-025-00884-5.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104682001","display_name":"Maximilian Kiener","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159176309","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00g30e956","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I884043246","display_name":"Hamburg University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04bs1pb34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I884043246"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maximilian Kiener","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I884043246"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120573408","display_name":"Jonas Bozenhard","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159176309","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00g30e956","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I884043246","display_name":"Hamburg University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04bs1pb34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I884043246"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonas Bozenhard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I884043246"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090767423","display_name":"Gitta Kutyniok","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9738-2487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142743","display_name":"Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xrcta15","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142743","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5237613","display_name":"Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02r625m11","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5237613"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gitta Kutyniok","raw_affiliation_strings":["DLR-German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany","Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Munich, Germany","Munich Center for Machine Learning (MCML), Munich , Germany","University of Troms\u00f8, Troms\u00f8, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DLR-German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Munich Center for Machine Learning (MCML), Munich , Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Troms\u00f8, Troms\u00f8, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5237613"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072438110","display_name":"Sven Nyholm","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3836-5932"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142743","display_name":"Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xrcta15","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142743","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sven Nyholm","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Munich, Germany","Munich Center for Machine Learning (MCML), Munich , Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Munich Center for Machine Learning (MCML), Munich , Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142743"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5104682001"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I884043246"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.36908473,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.582099974155426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.582099974155426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11953","display_name":"Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations","score":0.04780000075697899,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.045499999076128006,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.446399986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foundation","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","score":0.3944999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-ethics","display_name":"Information ethics","score":0.36640000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analogue-electronics","display_name":"Analogue electronics","score":0.31040000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethics-of-technology","display_name":"Ethics of technology","score":0.30649998784065247}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47600001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.4625999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.446399986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.3944999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3714999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93474598","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662553","display_name":"Information ethics","level":2,"score":0.36640000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29074008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174925","display_name":"Analogue electronics","level":3,"score":0.31040000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207665656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5403493","display_name":"Ethics of technology","level":4,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90915687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63759","display_name":"Analog computer","level":2,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121017731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11661","display_name":"Information technology","level":2,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.26669999957084656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43681-025-00884-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-025-00884-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43681-025-00884-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170699","display_name":"AI and Ethics","issn_l":"2730-5953","issn":["2730-5953","2730-5961"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI and Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.15480/882.16316","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11420/60220","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43681-025-00884-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-025-00884-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43681-025-00884-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170699","display_name":"AI and Ethics","issn_l":"2730-5953","issn":["2730-5953","2730-5961"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI and Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F3025293123","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04bs1pb34"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416843955.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416843955.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1695065985","https://openalex.org/W1988545511","https://openalex.org/W2522810283","https://openalex.org/W2767945620","https://openalex.org/W2808979145","https://openalex.org/W2945259901","https://openalex.org/W3034457820","https://openalex.org/W3122165174","https://openalex.org/W3135539146","https://openalex.org/W3152256433","https://openalex.org/W4205725149","https://openalex.org/W4283733417","https://openalex.org/W4295591660","https://openalex.org/W4304695089","https://openalex.org/W4323355607","https://openalex.org/W4323566431","https://openalex.org/W4386090929","https://openalex.org/W4386100686","https://openalex.org/W4386293192","https://openalex.org/W4387138444","https://openalex.org/W4387872598","https://openalex.org/W4394606507","https://openalex.org/W4396618297","https://openalex.org/W4399677733","https://openalex.org/W4402014835","https://openalex.org/W4403599590","https://openalex.org/W4403707392","https://openalex.org/W4408810893","https://openalex.org/W4409156736","https://openalex.org/W4409523169"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"AI":[1,20,25,43,67,75,98,113,147],"ethics":[2,150],"has":[3],"matured":[4],"as":[5],"a":[6,123],"field,":[7],"yet":[8],"its":[9,71],"concepts":[10],"and":[11,48,119,121],"tools":[12],"have":[13],"been":[14],"developed":[15],"almost":[16],"entirely":[17],"with":[18],"digital":[19,40,66,74],"in":[21,58],"mind.":[22],"Emerging":[23],"\u201canalog\u201d":[24],"approaches,":[26],"that":[27,30,70,78,103],"is,":[28],"systems":[29,68],"compute":[31],"over":[32],"continuous,":[33],"rather":[34],"than":[35],"binary,":[36],"signals,":[37],"challenge":[38],"this":[39],"default.":[41],"Analog":[42],"promises":[44],"substantial":[45],"energy":[46],"savings":[47],"alternative":[49],"modes":[50],"of":[51,96,112,129,151],"information":[52],"processing.":[53],"However,":[54],"it":[55],"also":[56],"departs":[57],"ethically":[59],"significant":[60],"ways":[61],"from":[62,73],"the":[63,93,126,137,149],"widely":[64],"discussed":[65],"such":[69],"differences":[72],"could":[76],"mean":[77],"current":[79],"ethical":[80,101,127],"frameworks":[81],"may":[82],"not":[83],"address":[84],"analog":[85,97,130,152],"AI\u2019s":[86],"unique":[87],"challenges.":[88],"This":[89],"paper":[90],"highlights":[91],"how":[92],"distinctive":[94],"characteristics":[95],"raise":[99],"new":[100],"questions":[102],"require":[104],"careful":[105],"consideration.":[106],"We":[107],"examine":[108],"four":[109],"key":[110],"areas":[111],"ethics,":[114],"namely":[115],"fairness,":[116],"privacy,":[117],"explainability,":[118],"safety,":[120],"propose":[122],"roadmap":[124],"for":[125,139],"examination":[128],"AI.":[131,153],"Our":[132],"aim":[133],"is":[134],"to":[135],"lay":[136],"foundation":[138],"an":[140],"important":[141],"but":[142],"hitherto":[143],"unrecognized":[144],"subfield":[145],"within":[146],"ethics:":[148]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-12T07:58:50.170612","created_date":"2025-12-01T00:00:00"}
