{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127199838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-025-00864-9","title":"An AI policy ontology for the civil security domain","display_name":"An AI policy ontology for the civil security domain","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127199838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-025-00864-9"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43681-025-00864-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-025-00864-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43681-025-00864-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170699","display_name":"AI and Ethics","issn_l":"2730-5953","issn":["2730-5953","2730-5961"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI and Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43681-025-00864-9.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053907579","display_name":"Xenia Ziouvelou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203474044","display_name":"National Centre of Scientific Research \"Demokritos\"","ror":"https://ror.org/038jp4m40","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203474044"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152169","display_name":"Institute of Informatics & Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/0396t6k89","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203474044","https://openalex.org/I4387152169"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xenia Ziouvelou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Informatics and Telecommunications, National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Athens, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Informatics and Telecommunications, National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203474044","https://openalex.org/I4387152169"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098770932","display_name":"Paola Fratantoni","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149226","display_name":"Zanasi & Partners (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/049be2c95","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149226"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paola Fratantoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zanasi and Partners (Italy), Modena, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zanasi and Partners (Italy), Modena, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046525659","display_name":"Pinelopi Troullinou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9069-9422"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pinelopi Troullinou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Trilateral Research, Waterford, Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Trilateral Research, Waterford, Ireland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089528260","display_name":"Francesca Trevisan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-3792"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesca Trevisan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Trilateral Research, Waterford, Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Trilateral Research, Waterford, Ireland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124845312","display_name":"Dimitris Kyriazanos","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203474044","display_name":"National Centre of Scientific Research \"Demokritos\"","ror":"https://ror.org/038jp4m40","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203474044"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152169","display_name":"Institute of Informatics & Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/0396t6k89","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203474044","https://openalex.org/I4387152169"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dimitris Kyriazanos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Informatics and Telecommunications, National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Athens, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Informatics and Telecommunications, National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203474044","https://openalex.org/I4387152169"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109397355","display_name":"Anastasios Drosou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134249","display_name":"Centre for Research and Technology Hellas","ror":"https://ror.org/03bndpq63","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134249"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anastasios Drosou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134249"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124794070","display_name":"Anthi Mpania","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160935","display_name":"Hellenic Police Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/05qej6276","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160935"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthi Mpania","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hellenic Police, Athens, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hellenic Police, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124809107","display_name":"Claire Morotsir","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801564582","display_name":"European External Action Service","ror":"https://ror.org/02t3dz930","country_code":"BE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320481043","https://openalex.org/I2801564582"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claire Morotsir","raw_affiliation_strings":["European Citizen Action Services, Brussels, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"European Citizen Action Services, Brussels, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801564582"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078448943","display_name":"Konstantina Giouvanopoulou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4725-8633"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203474044","display_name":"National Centre of Scientific Research \"Demokritos\"","ror":"https://ror.org/038jp4m40","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203474044"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152169","display_name":"Institute of Informatics & Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/0396t6k89","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203474044","https://openalex.org/I4387152169"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Konstantina Giouvanopoulou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Informatics and Telecommunications, National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Athens, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Informatics and Telecommunications, National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203474044","https://openalex.org/I4387152169"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Vangelis Karkaletsis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203474044","display_name":"National Centre of Scientific Research \"Demokritos\"","ror":"https://ror.org/038jp4m40","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203474044"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152169","display_name":"Institute of Informatics & Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/0396t6k89","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203474044","https://openalex.org/I4387152169"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vangelis Karkaletsis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Informatics and Telecommunications, National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Athens, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Informatics and Telecommunications, National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203474044","https://openalex.org/I4387152169"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078448943"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203474044","https://openalex.org/I4387152169"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.31930052,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.5605000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.5605000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.07280000299215317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.02280000038444996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology","display_name":"Ontology","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.48890000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enforcement","display_name":"Enforcement","score":0.4555000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-society","display_name":"Civil society","score":0.42309999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order","display_name":"Order (exchange)","score":0.41269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-policy","display_name":"Security policy","score":0.4115000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-union","display_name":"European union","score":0.3822000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.3634999990463257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25810664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44325","display_name":"Ontology","level":2,"score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.48890000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.4555000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513891491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181865","display_name":"Civil society","level":3,"score":0.42309999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.41269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154908896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2167404","display_name":"Security policy","level":2,"score":0.4115000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.3822000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.3634999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780677400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4122235","display_name":"Civil law (Civil law)","level":3,"score":0.3610999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.3594000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3481000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3343000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.3330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.3278999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69360830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172237","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","level":2,"score":0.3151000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3061999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.3059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.2919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123587114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2101508","display_name":"Policy analysis","level":2,"score":0.29100000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.289900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109986646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546113","display_name":"Public policy","level":2,"score":0.28679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.27480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67497173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q977345","display_name":"Legal aspects of computing","level":3,"score":0.2538999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.2535000145435333}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43681-025-00864-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-025-00864-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43681-025-00864-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170699","display_name":"AI and Ethics","issn_l":"2730-5953","issn":["2730-5953","2730-5961"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI and Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43681-025-00864-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-025-00864-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43681-025-00864-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170699","display_name":"AI and Ethics","issn_l":"2730-5953","issn":["2730-5953","2730-5961"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI and Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6755667924880981,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3495152318","display_name":"A European Positive Sum Approach towards AI tools in support of Law Enforcement and safeguarding privacy and fundamental rights","funder_award_id":"101022001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8318064016","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127199838.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127199838.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981088339","https://openalex.org/W2088697784","https://openalex.org/W2117612823","https://openalex.org/W2128217744","https://openalex.org/W2312738617","https://openalex.org/W2529251251","https://openalex.org/W2575439561","https://openalex.org/W2610645255","https://openalex.org/W2952393223","https://openalex.org/W2971841786","https://openalex.org/W3048751633","https://openalex.org/W3123144161","https://openalex.org/W3157172840","https://openalex.org/W4220699706","https://openalex.org/W4224992224","https://openalex.org/W4226041152","https://openalex.org/W4365388075","https://openalex.org/W4388827078","https://openalex.org/W4388835168","https://openalex.org/W4389902161","https://openalex.org/W4391400132","https://openalex.org/W4396826430","https://openalex.org/W4403466612","https://openalex.org/W4404824525"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Artificial":[1],"Intelligence":[2],"(AI)":[3],"has":[4],"the":[5,28,62,79,88,101,111,115,119,140,149,155,183,186],"potential":[6,29],"to":[7,43,64,71,100,118,138,195,206],"unlock":[8],"new":[9,102],"opportunities":[10],"for":[11,173,218],"data-driven":[12],"and":[13,25,31,46,49,93,121,135,144,162,169,197,209],"evidence-based":[14],"policy":[15,95,129,160,203],"making.":[16],"However,":[17],"there":[18],"is":[19,179],"still":[20],"a":[21,55,133,165,170,199],"lack":[22],"of":[23,34,58,90,105,114,142,157,185,201],"knowledge":[24],"understanding":[26],"regarding":[27],"use":[30],"related":[32],"impact":[33],"AI-based":[35],"technologies":[36],"in":[37,67,74,78,182,193,215],"civil":[38,59,150,190,210],"security,":[39],"which":[40],"often":[41],"lead":[42],"partially-informed":[44],"perspectives":[45],"distrust.":[47],"Ethical":[48],"secure-by-design":[50],"algorithms":[51],"as":[52,54,132],"well":[53],"broader":[56],"engagement":[57],"society":[60],"on":[61,87],"values":[63],"be":[65],"embedded":[66],"AI":[68,128,147,159,175,216],"are":[69],"necessary":[70],"build":[72],"trust":[73,214],"this":[75,124],"technology,":[76],"especially":[77],"Law":[80,219],"Enforcement":[81],"(LE)":[82],"domain.":[83,152],"This":[84,177],"paper":[85,125],"focuses":[86],"provision":[89],"concrete,":[91],"value-adding,":[92],"holistic":[94],"recommendations":[96,204],"that":[97],"effectively":[98],"respond":[99],"technology-enabled":[103],"environment":[104],"fast":[106],"paced-change,":[107],"taking":[108],"into":[109],"consideration":[110],"multiple":[112],"voices":[113],"society.":[116],"Contributing":[117],"ethical":[120],"responsible":[122],"AI,":[123],"introduces":[126],"an":[127],"ontology":[130],"serving":[131],"conceptual":[134],"technical":[136],"framework":[137],"advance":[139],"development":[141],"trustworthy":[143],"socially":[145],"acceptable":[146],"within":[148],"security":[151,191],"It":[153],"supports":[154],"analysis":[156,178],"key":[158],"concepts":[161],"players,":[163],"offering":[164],"high-level,":[166],"unified":[167],"perspective":[168],"mapping":[171],"tool":[172],"developing":[174],"policies.":[176],"subsequently":[180],"applied":[181],"context":[184],"European":[187],"Union":[188],"(EU)":[189],"ecosystem":[192],"order":[194],"develop":[196],"map":[198],"set":[200],"concrete":[202],"aiming":[205],"promote":[207],"ethics":[208],"rights":[211],"while":[212],"fostering":[213],"systems":[217],"Enforcement.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T23:56:10.502304","created_date":"2026-02-03T00:00:00"}