{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409671971","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-025-00726-4","title":"Do we need watchful eyes on our workers? Ethics of using computer vision for workplace surveillance","display_name":"Do we need watchful eyes on our workers? Ethics of using computer vision for workplace surveillance","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409671971","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-025-00726-4"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43681-025-00726-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-025-00726-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43681-025-00726-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170699","display_name":"AI and Ethics","issn_l":"2730-5953","issn":["2730-5953","2730-5961"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI and Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43681-025-00726-4.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054249036","display_name":"Rinu Ann Sebastian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7306-6567"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rinu Ann Sebastian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, 700 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC, 3053, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, 700 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC, 3053, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108992288","display_name":"Kris Ehinger","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kris Ehinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, 700 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC, 3053, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, 700 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC, 3053, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028824146","display_name":"Tim Miller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4908-6063"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","display_name":"University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tim Miller","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054249036"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":10.3835,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97893242,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"4","first_page":"3557","last_page":"3577"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9775000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9775000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9635000228881836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13869","display_name":"Ocular and Laser Science Research","score":0.9416999816894531,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watchful-waiting","display_name":"Watchful waiting","score":0.6504091620445251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.428060382604599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optometry","display_name":"Optometry","score":0.3766806721687317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3469938635826111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3440327048301697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3263022303581238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2692944407463074}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776141087","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2161551","display_name":"Watchful waiting","level":4,"score":0.6504091620445251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.428060382604599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.3766806721687317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3469938635826111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3440327048301697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3263022303581238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2692944407463074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780192828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181257","display_name":"Prostate cancer","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43681-025-00726-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-025-00726-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43681-025-00726-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170699","display_name":"AI and Ethics","issn_l":"2730-5953","issn":["2730-5953","2730-5961"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI and Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43681-025-00726-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-025-00726-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43681-025-00726-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170699","display_name":"AI and Ethics","issn_l":"2730-5953","issn":["2730-5953","2730-5961"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI and Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320974","display_name":"University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409671971.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409671971.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966941463","https://openalex.org/W1989702938","https://openalex.org/W2077819131","https://openalex.org/W2141597062","https://openalex.org/W2152879721","https://openalex.org/W2161929692","https://openalex.org/W2163660052","https://openalex.org/W2173820309","https://openalex.org/W2207771596","https://openalex.org/W2475082964","https://openalex.org/W2522580204","https://openalex.org/W2737408310","https://openalex.org/W2799041689","https://openalex.org/W2892789114","https://openalex.org/W2902634493","https://openalex.org/W2903589161","https://openalex.org/W2913223562","https://openalex.org/W2943346958","https://openalex.org/W2953522645","https://openalex.org/W2955271382","https://openalex.org/W2962730651","https://openalex.org/W2969333779","https://openalex.org/W3026289804","https://openalex.org/W3087975679","https://openalex.org/W3094351172","https://openalex.org/W3110824040","https://openalex.org/W3117319009","https://openalex.org/W3124054989","https://openalex.org/W3132626268","https://openalex.org/W3156566534","https://openalex.org/W3162436046","https://openalex.org/W3166371453","https://openalex.org/W3177245424","https://openalex.org/W3185979444","https://openalex.org/W3197804775","https://openalex.org/W3199399526","https://openalex.org/W3202183072","https://openalex.org/W3208719433","https://openalex.org/W3213725562","https://openalex.org/W3216204199","https://openalex.org/W4206780588","https://openalex.org/W4210657779","https://openalex.org/W4213354309","https://openalex.org/W4280564798","https://openalex.org/W4285796552","https://openalex.org/W4288058238","https://openalex.org/W4288391568","https://openalex.org/W4298326021","https://openalex.org/W4303184273","https://openalex.org/W4309690904","https://openalex.org/W4312223050","https://openalex.org/W4321434928","https://openalex.org/W4324144871","https://openalex.org/W4327521754","https://openalex.org/W4360979770","https://openalex.org/W4360980115","https://openalex.org/W4361732737","https://openalex.org/W4365999090","https://openalex.org/W4366547469","https://openalex.org/W4378981991","https://openalex.org/W4382728217","https://openalex.org/W4383333904","https://openalex.org/W4383371290","https://openalex.org/W4383429197","https://openalex.org/W4385871723","https://openalex.org/W4386390267","https://openalex.org/W4389746540","https://openalex.org/W4391392419","https://openalex.org/W4391433445","https://openalex.org/W4393089535","https://openalex.org/W4394911646","https://openalex.org/W4396612061","https://openalex.org/W4396921891","https://openalex.org/W4399636756"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"In":[1,188],"this":[2,110,190],"paper,":[3],"we":[4,170],"critically":[5],"examine":[6],"the":[7,29,117,124,130,166,179,215],"relevant":[8],"ethical":[9,23,107,211],"concerns":[10],"of":[11,32,106,133,165,221],"using":[12],"computer":[13,33,48,70],"vision-based":[14,71],"surveillance":[15,52,61,73,128],"in":[16,38,116,184],"workplaces":[17,40],"and":[18,57,79,89,144,204,206,218,224],"propose":[19],"an":[20],"intent\u2014and":[21],"priority-based":[22],"framework":[24,122,156],"for":[25,50,126,181,197],"such":[26,199],"systems.":[27,150],"With":[28],"growing":[30],"capabilities":[31],"vision":[34,49],"technologies,":[35],"its":[36],"application":[37],"monitoring":[39],"brings":[41],"forth":[42],"significant":[43],"concerns.":[44],"Organisations":[45],"increasingly":[46],"leverage":[47],"workplace":[51,72],"to":[53,146,159,175,209,228],"improve":[54],"productivity,":[55],"safety,":[56],"security.":[58],"Unlike":[59],"electronic":[60,68,99],"techniques":[62],"that":[63,157],"monitor":[64],"workers\u2019":[65],"wire":[66],"or":[67],"communication,":[69],"(CVWS)":[74],"captures":[75],"highly":[76],"detailed":[77],"visual":[78],"personal":[80],"information":[81],"about":[82],"workers,":[83],"including":[84],"body":[85],"language,":[86],"emotional":[87],"state,":[88],"actions.":[90],"This":[91],"makes":[92],"CVWS":[93,149,167,182,222],"potentially":[94],"more":[95,103],"intrusive":[96],"than":[97],"traditional":[98],"surveillance,":[100],"raising":[101],"a":[102,154,185,195],"comprehensive":[104],"range":[105],"considerations.":[108],"However,":[109],"topic":[111],"has":[112],"received":[113],"minimal":[114],"attention":[115],"current":[118],"literature.":[119],"Our":[120],"proposed":[121],"combines":[123],"intention":[125],"deploying":[127],"with":[129],"moral":[131],"notions":[132],"privacy,":[134],"data":[135],"security,":[136],"fairness,":[137],"transparency,":[138],"explainability,":[139],"autonomy,":[140],"beneficence,":[141],"nonmaleficence,":[142],"dignity,":[143],"reliability":[145],"morally":[147],"scrutinise":[148],"The":[151],"paper":[152],"proposes":[153],"second":[155],"aims":[158],"establish":[160],"accountability":[161],"among":[162],"key":[163],"stakeholders":[164,198],"system.":[168],"Further,":[169],"discuss":[171],"two":[172],"critical":[173],"questions":[174],"consider":[176],"when":[177],"evaluating":[178],"necessity":[180],"systems":[183,223],"work":[186,191],"environment.":[187],"practice,":[189],"will":[192],"serve":[193],"as":[194,200],"groundwork":[196],"technical":[201],"developers,":[202],"employers,":[203],"regulatory":[205],"advocacy":[207],"teams":[208],"make":[210],"design":[212],"decisions":[213],"during":[214],"developmental,":[216],"operational,":[217],"maintenance":[219],"stages":[220],"devise":[225],"proactive":[226],"strategies":[227],"minimise":[229],"potential":[230],"harm.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-13T16:22:10.518609","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
