{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402135335","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00541-3","title":"Algorithmic fairness in predictive policing","display_name":"Algorithmic fairness in predictive policing","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402135335","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00541-3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43681-024-00541-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00541-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43681-024-00541-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170699","display_name":"AI and Ethics","issn_l":"2730-5953","issn":["2730-5953","2730-5961"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI and Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43681-024-00541-3.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049069930","display_name":"Ahmed S. Almasoud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5026-7227"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142024983","display_name":"Prince Sultan University","ror":"https://ror.org/053mqrf26","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed S. Almasoud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information System, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information System, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092829348","display_name":"Jamiu Adekunle Idowu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8411-4925"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jamiu Adekunle Idowu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Artificial Intelligence, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8411-4925","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Artificial Intelligence, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5092829348"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"fwci":7.3712,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97379517,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"3","first_page":"2323","last_page":"2337"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.9779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.9225000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictive-analytics","display_name":"Predictive analytics","score":0.5238980054855347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminology","display_name":"Criminology","score":0.48034632205963135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4758029878139496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.449705570936203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.19932234287261963}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83209312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053367","display_name":"Predictive analytics","level":2,"score":0.5238980054855347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.48034632205963135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4758029878139496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.449705570936203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.19932234287261963}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43681-024-00541-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00541-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43681-024-00541-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170699","display_name":"AI and Ethics","issn_l":"2730-5953","issn":["2730-5953","2730-5961"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI and Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43681-024-00541-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00541-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43681-024-00541-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170699","display_name":"AI and Ethics","issn_l":"2730-5953","issn":["2730-5953","2730-5961"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI and Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320286","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327702","display_name":"Prince Sultan University","ror":"https://ror.org/053mqrf26"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402135335.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402135335.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1537066827","https://openalex.org/W2591878254","https://openalex.org/W2788481061","https://openalex.org/W2945933015","https://openalex.org/W2951512047","https://openalex.org/W2956003540","https://openalex.org/W2981077025","https://openalex.org/W2986466127","https://openalex.org/W3000952406","https://openalex.org/W3037046673","https://openalex.org/W3077420696","https://openalex.org/W3094677717","https://openalex.org/W3102708241","https://openalex.org/W3137378441","https://openalex.org/W3144543375","https://openalex.org/W3148471254","https://openalex.org/W3155016818","https://openalex.org/W3164283721","https://openalex.org/W3191860626","https://openalex.org/W3215198331","https://openalex.org/W4211177050","https://openalex.org/W4248127439","https://openalex.org/W4283076847","https://openalex.org/W4283164469","https://openalex.org/W4302192999","https://openalex.org/W4310153753","https://openalex.org/W4313531256","https://openalex.org/W4324127422","https://openalex.org/W4375858958","https://openalex.org/W4378782792","https://openalex.org/W4379473793","https://openalex.org/W4387996157","https://openalex.org/W4390577747"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W4395014643"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1],"increasing":[2],"use":[3],"of":[4,16,32,44,134,214],"algorithms":[5],"in":[6,35,47,76,104,130,137,204],"predictive":[7,36,105],"policing":[8],"has":[9],"raised":[10],"concerns":[11],"regarding":[12],"the":[13,30,120,132,160],"potential":[14],"amplification":[15],"societal":[17],"biases.":[18,68],"This":[19],"study":[20,113],"adopts":[21],"a":[22,26,42,63,98,138,143,154],"two-phase":[23],"approach,":[24],"encompassing":[25],"systematic":[27,39],"review":[28,40,71],"and":[29,59,87,168,201,220],"mitigation":[31,157],"age-related":[33,117],"biases":[34,78,118],"policing.":[37,106],"Our":[38,207],"identifies":[41],"variety":[43],"fairness":[45,208,230],"strategies":[46],"existing":[48],"literature,":[49],"such":[50],"as":[51,142,181],"domain":[52],"knowledge,":[53],"likelihood":[54],"function":[55],"penalties,":[56],"counterfactual":[57],"reasoning,":[58],"demographic":[60],"segmentation,":[61],"with":[62],"primary":[64],"focus":[65],"on":[66,115],"racial":[67],"However,":[69],"this":[70,225],"also":[72],"highlights":[73],"significant":[74],"gaps":[75],"addressing":[77],"related":[79],"to":[80,101],"other":[81],"protected":[82],"attributes,":[83],"including":[84],"age,":[85],"gender,":[86],"socio-economic":[88],"status.":[89],"Additionally,":[90],"it":[91],"is":[92],"observed":[93],"that":[94,224],"police":[95],"actions":[96],"are":[97],"major":[99],"contributor":[100],"model":[102,229],"discrimination":[103],"To":[107],"address":[108],"these":[109],"gaps,":[110],"our":[111],"empirical":[112],"focuses":[114],"mitigating":[116],"within":[119],"Chicago":[121],"Police":[122],"Department's":[123],"Strategic":[124],"Subject":[125],"List":[126],"(SSL)":[127],"dataset":[128],"used":[129],"predicting":[131],"risk":[133,170,183],"being":[135],"involved":[136],"shooting":[139,205],"incident,":[140],"either":[141],"victim":[144],"or":[145],"an":[146],"offender.":[147],"We":[148],"introduce":[149],"Conditional":[150],"Score":[151],"Recalibration":[152],"(CSR),":[153],"novel":[155],"bias":[156],"technique,":[158],"alongside":[159],"established":[161],"Class":[162],"Balancing":[163],"method.":[164],"CSR":[165],"involves":[166],"reassessing":[167],"adjusting":[169],"scores":[171],"for":[172,192,198],"individuals":[173],"initially":[174],"assigned":[175],"moderately":[176],"high-risk":[177],"scores,":[178],"categorizing":[179],"them":[180],"low":[182],"if":[184],"they":[185],"meet":[186],"three":[187],"criteria:":[188],"no":[189,195,202],"prior":[190],"arrests":[191,197],"violent":[193],"offenses,":[194,200],"previous":[196],"narcotic":[199],"involvement":[203],"incidents.":[206],"assessment,":[209],"utilizing":[210],"metrics":[211],"like":[212],"Equality":[213],"Opportunity":[215],"Difference,":[216,219],"Average":[217],"Odds":[218],"Demographic":[221],"Parity,":[222],"demonstrates":[223],"approach":[226],"significantly":[227],"improves":[228],"without":[231],"sacrificing":[232],"accuracy.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}