{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387342143","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-023-00332-2","title":"Against the opacity, and for a qualitative understanding, of artificially intelligent technologies","display_name":"Against the opacity, and for a qualitative understanding, of artificially intelligent technologies","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387342143","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-023-00332-2"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43681-023-00332-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-023-00332-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43681-023-00332-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170699","display_name":"AI and Ethics","issn_l":"2730-5953","issn":["2730-5953","2730-5961"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI and Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43681-023-00332-2.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005356341","display_name":"Mahdi Khalili","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8294-8986"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15766117","display_name":"University of Graz","ror":"https://ror.org/01faaaf77","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15766117"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146419","display_name":"Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04xreqs31","country_code":"IR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146419"]}],"countries":["AT","IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mahdi Khalili","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Philosophy, University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria","School of Philosophy, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Philosophy, University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15766117"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Philosophy, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146419"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005356341"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15766117","https://openalex.org/I4210146419"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":2.0745,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89640797,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"4","first_page":"1013","last_page":"1021"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qualitative-research","display_name":"Qualitative research","score":0.570630669593811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emerging-technologies","display_name":"Emerging technologies","score":0.4951881468296051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.47069430351257324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-ethics","display_name":"Engineering ethics","score":0.4523122012615204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.42558565735816956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opacity","display_name":"Opacity","score":0.41673359274864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.39992859959602356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3689499497413635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.3105471730232239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.23440271615982056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1892940104007721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-science","display_name":"Social science","score":0.14312788844108582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.07773756980895996}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.570630669593811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207267971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120208","display_name":"Emerging technologies","level":2,"score":0.4951881468296051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47069430351257324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.4523122012615204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.42558565735816956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60056205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691914","display_name":"Opacity","level":2,"score":0.41673359274864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.39992859959602356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3689499497413635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3105471730232239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.23440271615982056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1892940104007721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.14312788844108582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.07773756980895996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43681-023-00332-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-023-00332-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43681-023-00332-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170699","display_name":"AI and Ethics","issn_l":"2730-5953","issn":["2730-5953","2730-5961"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI and Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philarchive.org/rec/MAHOAM","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://philarchive.org/rec/MAHOAM","pdf_url":"https://philpapers.org/archive/MAHOAM.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philpapers.org/rec/MAHOAM","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://philpapers.org/rec/MAHOAM","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402131","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43681-023-00332-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-023-00332-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43681-023-00332-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170699","display_name":"AI and Ethics","issn_l":"2730-5953","issn":["2730-5953","2730-5961"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI and Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8199999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321012","display_name":"Technische Universiteit Delft","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323390","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325582","display_name":"Karl-Franzens-Universit\u00e4t Graz","ror":"https://ror.org/01faaaf77"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387342143.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W280319125","https://openalex.org/W2279468642","https://openalex.org/W2794048818","https://openalex.org/W2886080749","https://openalex.org/W2892104346","https://openalex.org/W2947686205","https://openalex.org/W2995739402","https://openalex.org/W3122548859","https://openalex.org/W3139326704","https://openalex.org/W3162173425","https://openalex.org/W4220941667","https://openalex.org/W4224271529","https://openalex.org/W4232457669","https://openalex.org/W4237895723","https://openalex.org/W4252634632","https://openalex.org/W4253935475","https://openalex.org/W4296978576","https://openalex.org/W4297007026","https://openalex.org/W4308411482","https://openalex.org/W4316881865"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2161791806","https://openalex.org/W4366824690","https://openalex.org/W2073474947","https://openalex.org/W2613656770","https://openalex.org/W2482431380","https://openalex.org/W2053059436","https://openalex.org/W4313201885","https://openalex.org/W2082077321","https://openalex.org/W2401696997","https://openalex.org/W3132983575"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"paper":[2,80],"aims,":[3],"first,":[4],"to":[5,18,23,47,59,88,96,125],"argue":[6],"against":[7],"using":[8,111],"opaque":[9,36],"AI":[10,92,117,122],"technologies":[11,39,66],"in":[12],"decision":[13],"making":[14],"processes,":[15],"and":[16],"second":[17],"suggest":[19,89],"that":[20,35,64,90],"we":[21],"need":[22],"possess":[24],"a":[25,104,114],"qualitative":[26,105,131],"form":[27],"of":[28,50,55,107,110,133],"understanding":[29,49,87],"about":[30,74],"them.":[31],"It":[32],"first":[33],"argues":[34],"artificially":[37],"intelligent":[38],"are":[40,67,101],"suitable":[41],"for":[42,70,137],"users":[43,98,127],"who":[44,72],"remain":[45],"indifferent":[46],"the":[48,108,130,135],"decisions":[51],"made":[52],"by":[53,128],"means":[54],"these":[56,65],"technologies.":[57],"According":[58],"virtue":[60],"ethics,":[61],"this":[62],"implies":[63],"not":[68],"well-suited":[69],"those":[71],"care":[73],"realizing":[75],"their":[76,138],"moral":[77],"capacity.":[78],"The":[79],"then":[81],"draws":[82],"on":[83,85],"discussions":[84],"scientific":[86],"an":[91,121],"technology":[93,123,136],"becomes":[94],"understandable":[95,124],"its":[97,126],"when":[99],"they":[100],"provided":[102],"with":[103],"account":[106],"consequences":[109],"it.":[112],"As":[113],"result,":[115],"explainable":[116],"methods":[118],"can":[119],"render":[120],"presenting":[129],"implications":[132],"employing":[134],"lives.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}