{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4295096956","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-022-00215-y","title":"Facial identity protection using deep learning technologies: an application in affective computing","display_name":"Facial identity protection using deep learning technologies: an application in affective computing","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4295096956","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-022-00215-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43681-022-00215-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-022-00215-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43681-022-00215-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170699","display_name":"AI and Ethics","issn_l":"2730-5953","issn":["2730-5953","2730-5961"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI and Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43681-022-00215-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069160503","display_name":"Jimiama Mafeni Mase","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4070-534X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jimiama M. Mase","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039053107","display_name":"Natalie Leesakul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4602-7420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Natalie Leesakul","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051446557","display_name":"Grazziela P. Figueredo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4094-7680"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Grazziela P. Figueredo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024981509","display_name":"Mercedes Torres Torres","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0452-3784"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mercedes Torres Torres","raw_affiliation_strings":["B-Hive Innovations, Lincoln, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"B-Hive Innovations, Lincoln, UK","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069160503"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":1.5371,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82922028,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"3","first_page":"937","last_page":"946"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7570598125457764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.6763915419578552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/valence","display_name":"Valence (chemistry)","score":0.633973240852356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.5876008868217468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.5401285290718079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5111871361732483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.50788813829422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.49965810775756836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47753822803497314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salience","display_name":"Salience (neuroscience)","score":0.4759770929813385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","score":0.45983168482780457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affective-computing","display_name":"Affective computing","score":0.45863354206085205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identity","display_name":"Identity (music)","score":0.41333678364753723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.36208850145339966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.2685810327529907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.23703306913375854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.15385383367538452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.08309656381607056}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7570598125457764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.6763915419578552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168900304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171407","display_name":"Valence (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.633973240852356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.5876008868217468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.5401285290718079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5111871361732483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.50788813829422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.49965810775756836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47753822803497314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108154423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469792","display_name":"Salience (neuroscience)","level":2,"score":0.4759770929813385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.45983168482780457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6438553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185804","display_name":"Affective computing","level":2,"score":0.45863354206085205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.41333678364753723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36208850145339966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.2685810327529907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.23703306913375854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.15385383367538452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.08309656381607056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43681-022-00215-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-022-00215-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43681-022-00215-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170699","display_name":"AI and Ethics","issn_l":"2730-5953","issn":["2730-5953","2730-5961"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI and Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43681-022-00215-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-022-00215-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43681-022-00215-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170699","display_name":"AI and Ethics","issn_l":"2730-5953","issn":["2730-5953","2730-5961"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI and Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1934935867","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Engineering and Physical Sciences R","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2094331273","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/L015463/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314731","funder_display_name":"UK Research and Innovation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2250185850","display_name":"EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in My Life in Data","funder_award_id":"EP/L015463/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G268330821","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R032718/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2774304232","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant No. EP/L015463/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314731","funder_display_name":"UK Research and Innovation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3790499776","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/L015463/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320324","funder_display_name":"University of Nottingham"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3854825914","display_name":"Digital Toolkit for optimisation of operators and technology in manufacturing partnerships (DigiTOP)","funder_award_id":"EP/R032718/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6244725262","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Centre for Doctoral Training","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8343993737","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DigiTOP","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314731","display_name":"UK Research and Innovation","ror":"https://ror.org/001aqnf71"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320324","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322183","display_name":"Huawei Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4295096956.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4295096956.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964757081","https://openalex.org/W1998808035","https://openalex.org/W2045528981","https://openalex.org/W2100698196","https://openalex.org/W2107878631","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2281407413","https://openalex.org/W2346454595","https://openalex.org/W2483691542","https://openalex.org/W2554978171","https://openalex.org/W2560025328","https://openalex.org/W2584561145","https://openalex.org/W2606933083","https://openalex.org/W2610961739","https://openalex.org/W2796830519","https://openalex.org/W2807126412","https://openalex.org/W2887068828","https://openalex.org/W2997604315","https://openalex.org/W3013109186","https://openalex.org/W3034615201","https://openalex.org/W3085279808","https://openalex.org/W3094524767","https://openalex.org/W3100506742","https://openalex.org/W3118626025","https://openalex.org/W3119097278","https://openalex.org/W3135801263","https://openalex.org/W6602139238","https://openalex.org/W6603776078","https://openalex.org/W6701159256","https://openalex.org/W6807767519"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2034301385","https://openalex.org/W4377016532","https://openalex.org/W1899940986","https://openalex.org/W3033755674","https://openalex.org/W4200276099","https://openalex.org/W4292622079","https://openalex.org/W1510248489","https://openalex.org/W4383955378","https://openalex.org/W2965358090","https://openalex.org/W2099208288"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Automatic":[1],"prediction":[2],"of":[3,6,27,40,62,80,97,155,188],"human":[4],"attributions":[5],"valence":[7,191],"and":[8,17,68,104,113,129,151,192],"arousal":[9],"using":[10,33],"facial":[11,34,38,60,78,87,98,102,123],"recognition":[12,32,172],"technologies":[13],"can":[14],"improve":[15],"human\u2013computer":[16],"human\u2013robot":[18],"interaction.":[19],"However,":[20],"data":[21],"protection":[22],"has":[23],"become":[24],"an":[25],"issue":[26],"great":[28],"concern":[29],"in":[30,51,89,125,174],"affect":[31,160,171],"images,":[35,99],"as":[36],"the":[37,52,77,106,109,138,143,153,164],"identities":[39,67],"people":[41],"(i.e.":[42],"recognising":[43],"who":[44],"a":[45,116,176],"person":[46],"is)":[47],"could":[48,58],"be":[49],"exposed":[50],"process.":[53],"For":[54],"instance,":[55],"malicious":[56],"individuals":[57],"exploit":[59],"images":[61,103,124],"users":[63,81],"to":[64,75,108,137,180],"assume":[65],"their":[66,101,126,132],"infiltrate":[69],"biometric":[70],"authentication":[71],"systems.":[72],"Possible":[73],"solutions":[74],"protect":[76,181],"identity":[79],"are":[82],"to:":[83],"(1)":[84],"extract":[85],"anonymised":[86],"features":[88],"users\u2019":[90,122,182],"local":[91,127],"machines,":[92],"namely":[93],"action":[94],"units":[95],"(AU)":[96],"discard":[100],"send":[105,131],"AUs":[107],"developer":[110],"for":[111,141,159,190,194],"processing,":[112],"(2)":[114],"employ":[115],"federated":[117,177],"learning":[118,178],"approach":[119,179],"i.e.":[120],"process":[121],"machines":[128],"only":[130],"locally":[133],"trained":[134],"models":[135],"back":[136],"developer\u2019s":[139],"machine":[140],"augmenting":[142],"final":[144],"model.":[145],"In":[146],"this":[147],"paper,":[148],"we":[149],"implement":[150],"compare":[152],"performance":[154,173],"these":[156],"privacy-preserving":[157],"strategies":[158],"recognition.":[161],"Results":[162],"on":[163],"popular":[165],"RECOLA":[166],"affective":[167],"datasets":[168],"show":[169],"promising":[170],"adopting":[175],"identities,":[183],"with":[184],"Concordance":[185],"Correlation":[186],"Coefficient":[187],"0.426":[189],"0.390":[193],"arousal.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}