{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3208719433","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-021-00108-6","title":"Bias, awareness, and ignorance in deep-learning-based face recognition","display_name":"Bias, awareness, and ignorance in deep-learning-based face recognition","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3208719433","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-021-00108-6","mag":"3208719433"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43681-021-00108-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-021-00108-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43681-021-00108-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170699","display_name":"AI and Ethics","issn_l":"2730-5953","issn":["2730-5953","2730-5961"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI and Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43681-021-00108-6.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001122225","display_name":"Samuel Wehrli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I858936495","display_name":"ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05pmsvm27","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Wehrli","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Social Work, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Pfingstweidstrasse 96, 8005, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2245-8066","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Social Work, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Pfingstweidstrasse 96, 8005, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070043019","display_name":"Corinna Hertweck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7639-2771"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I858936495","display_name":"ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05pmsvm27","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Corinna Hertweck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","Institute of Data Analysis and Process Design, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7639-2771","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Data Analysis and Process Design, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032669664","display_name":"Mohammadreza Amirian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0047-6802"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I858936495","display_name":"ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05pmsvm27","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"]}],"countries":["CH","DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammadreza Amirian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Artificial Intelligence, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland","Institute of Neural Information Processing, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0047-6802","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Artificial Intelligence, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Neural Information Processing, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041335440","display_name":"Stefan Gl\u00fcge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7484-536X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I858936495","display_name":"ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05pmsvm27","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Gl\u00fcge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Applied Simulation, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, W\u00e4denswil, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7484-536X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Applied Simulation, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, W\u00e4denswil, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021570324","display_name":"Thilo Stadelmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3784-0420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137980","display_name":"European Centre for Living Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04kesq777","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137980"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I858936495","display_name":"ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05pmsvm27","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"]}],"countries":["CH","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thilo Stadelmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Artificial Intelligence, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland","ECLT European Centre for Living Technology, Venice, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3784-0420","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Artificial Intelligence, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ECLT European Centre for Living Technology, Venice, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137980"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001122225"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":2.6214,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91643103,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"3","first_page":"509","last_page":"522"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9682000279426575,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.6105226278305054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5530456304550171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4866519570350647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.48058009147644043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ignorance","display_name":"Ignorance","score":0.4783203601837158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.46959105134010315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/race","display_name":"Race (biology)","score":0.4644804894924164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.42995309829711914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.41579368710517883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.393172949552536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.2858259379863739}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.6105226278305054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5530456304550171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4866519570350647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.48058009147644043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778732403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815577","display_name":"Ignorance","level":2,"score":0.4783203601837158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.46959105134010315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4644804894924164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.42995309829711914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.41579368710517883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.393172949552536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2858259379863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43681-021-00108-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-021-00108-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43681-021-00108-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170699","display_name":"AI and Ethics","issn_l":"2730-5953","issn":["2730-5953","2730-5961"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI and Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.zora.uzh.ch:213980","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401281","display_name":"Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","host_organization_name":"University of Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Wehrli, Samuel; Hertweck, Corinna; Amirian, Mohammadreza; Gl\u00fcge, Stefan; Stadelmann, Thilo  (2022). Bias, awareness, and ignorance in deep-learning-based face recognition.  AI and Ethics, 2(3):509-522.","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcollection.zhaw.ch:11475/23393","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11475/23393","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401811","display_name":"Z\u00fcrcher Hochschule f\u00fcr Angewandte Wissenschaften digital collection (Zurich University of Applied Sciences)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200744771","host_organization_name":"ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200744771"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"doi:10.5167/uzh-213980","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-213980","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051291","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Z\u00fcrich, ZORA","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43681-021-00108-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-021-00108-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43681-021-00108-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170699","display_name":"AI and Ethics","issn_l":"2730-5953","issn":["2730-5953","2730-5961"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI and Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3208719433.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3208719433.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1578352865","https://openalex.org/W1965804146","https://openalex.org/W2092966366","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2138643737","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2320871807","https://openalex.org/W2341528187","https://openalex.org/W2392403817","https://openalex.org/W2510725918","https://openalex.org/W2515770085","https://openalex.org/W2520684935","https://openalex.org/W2579470351","https://openalex.org/W2592232824","https://openalex.org/W2772672699","https://openalex.org/W2788481061","https://openalex.org/W2794085046","https://openalex.org/W2797558164","https://openalex.org/W2805173664","https://openalex.org/W2807068017","https://openalex.org/W2884916014","https://openalex.org/W2885659818","https://openalex.org/W2890680318","https://openalex.org/W2894568782","https://openalex.org/W2945776595","https://openalex.org/W2954884160","https://openalex.org/W2962059918","https://openalex.org/W2963350032","https://openalex.org/W2963420686","https://openalex.org/W2963839617","https://openalex.org/W2969985801","https://openalex.org/W2971058209","https://openalex.org/W2972124466","https://openalex.org/W2982232682","https://openalex.org/W3006210081","https://openalex.org/W3023702633","https://openalex.org/W3038923964","https://openalex.org/W3041968715","https://openalex.org/W3042230852","https://openalex.org/W3046819526","https://openalex.org/W3089745382","https://openalex.org/W3094225250","https://openalex.org/W3097003645","https://openalex.org/W3099206234","https://openalex.org/W3101998545","https://openalex.org/W3105226597","https://openalex.org/W3120895209","https://openalex.org/W3154300329","https://openalex.org/W3161922222","https://openalex.org/W3180969989","https://openalex.org/W3181414820","https://openalex.org/W3213433026","https://openalex.org/W4248633940","https://openalex.org/W6600577311","https://openalex.org/W6601560401"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387185014","https://openalex.org/W4387906132","https://openalex.org/W4200350283","https://openalex.org/W4321603789","https://openalex.org/W588868971","https://openalex.org/W4321603797","https://openalex.org/W4321603833","https://openalex.org/W3103328764","https://openalex.org/W2098693229","https://openalex.org/W2384651879"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Face":[1],"Recognition":[2],"(FR)":[3],"is":[4,62,167,318],"increasingly":[5],"influencing":[6],"our":[7,14,288],"lives:":[8],"we":[9,69,249],"use":[10],"it":[11,18],"to":[12,19,81,126,168,173,253,314],"unlock":[13],"phones;":[15],"police":[16],"uses":[17],"identify":[20],"suspects.":[21],"Two":[22],"main":[23],"concerns":[24],"are":[25,39,124,236],"associated":[26],"with":[27,64,96,136,155,243],"this":[28,76,92,104,218,242],"increase":[29],"in":[30,163,210,245,287,297,311],"facial":[31,106,150,198,298],"recognition:":[32],"(1)":[33],"the":[34,54,65,128,170,186,208,224],"fact":[35],"that":[36,134,196,263,272],"these":[37,58,205],"systems":[38],"typically":[40],"less":[41,202,256,324],"accurate":[42],"for":[43,74,103,323],"marginalized":[44],"groups,":[45],"which":[46],"can":[47,109],"be":[48,94,145],"described":[49],"as":[50,85,114,147,177,227],"\u201cbias\u201d,":[51],"and":[52,89,179,240,265],"(2)":[53],"increased":[55],"surveillance":[56],"through":[57],"systems.":[59],"Our":[60],"paper":[61],"concerned":[63],"first":[66],"issue.":[67],"Specifically,":[68],"explore":[70],"an":[71],"intuitive":[72],"technique":[73],"reducing":[75,97,302],"bias,":[77],"namely":[78],"\u201cblinding\u201d":[79],"models":[80,108,200,235,252],"sensitive":[82,111,174,206,238,259,305,316],"features,":[83,112,207],"such":[84,113,176],"gender":[86,115,178],"or":[87,116],"race,":[88,117],"show":[90],"why":[91],"cannot":[93],"equated":[95],"bias.":[98],"Even":[99],"when":[100],"not":[101,182,268,309,319],"designed":[102],"task,":[105],"recognition":[107,151,199,299],"deduce":[110],"from":[118],"pictures":[119,184],"of":[120,130,185,204,237,258,294,304],"faces\u2014simply":[121],"because":[122],"they":[123],"trained":[125],"determine":[127],"\u201csimilarity\u201d":[129],"pictures.":[131],"This":[132],"means":[133],"people":[135],"similar":[137,140,148,191],"skin":[138],"tones,":[139],"hair":[141],"length,":[142],"etc.":[143],"will":[144],"seen":[146],"by":[149,158,181,301],"models.":[152],"When":[153],"confronted":[154],"biased":[156,325],"decision-making":[157],"humans,":[159],"one":[160,193],"approach":[161],"taken":[162],"job":[164],"application":[165],"screening":[166],"\u201cblind\u201d":[169],"human":[171],"decision-makers":[172],"attributes":[175,317],"race":[180],"showing":[183],"applicants.":[187],"Based":[188],"on":[189],"a":[190,228,320],"idea,":[192],"might":[194],"think":[195],"if":[197],"were":[201],"aware":[203,257],"difference":[209],"accuracy":[211,266,286],"between":[212],"groups":[213],"would":[214],"decrease.":[215],"We":[216,261],"evaluate":[217],"assumption\u2014which":[219],"has":[220],"already":[221],"penetrated":[222],"into":[223],"scientific":[225],"literature":[226],"valid":[229],"de-biasing":[230],"method\u2014by":[231],"measuring":[232],"how":[233],"\u201caware\u201d":[234],"features":[239,306],"correlating":[241],"differences":[244],"accuracy.":[246],"In":[247,281],"particular,":[248],"blind":[250],"pre-trained":[251],"make":[254],"them":[255],"attributes.":[260],"find":[262],"awareness":[264,279,303],"do":[267],"positively":[269],"correlate,":[270],"i.e.,":[271],"bias":[273,296],"$$\\ne$$":[274],"<mml:math":[275],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">":[276],"<mml:mo>\u2260</mml:mo>":[277],"</mml:math>":[278],".":[280],"fact,":[282],"blinding":[283],"barely":[284],"affects":[285],"experiments.":[289],"The":[290],"seemingly":[291],"simple":[292],"solution":[293],"decreasing":[295],"rates":[300],"does":[307],"thus":[308],"work":[310],"practice:":[312],"trying":[313],"ignore":[315],"viable":[321],"concept":[322],"FR.":[326]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
