{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3216679721","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43069-021-00109-5","title":"GNOME: A Dynamic Dispatch and Investment Optimisation Model of the European Natural Gas Network and Its Suppliers","display_name":"GNOME: A Dynamic Dispatch and Investment Optimisation Model of the European Natural Gas Network and Its Suppliers","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3216679721","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43069-021-00109-5","mag":"3216679721"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43069-021-00109-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43069-021-00109-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43069-021-00109-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210215153","display_name":"Operations Research Forum","issn_l":"2662-2556","issn":["2662-2556"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Operations Research Forum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43069-021-00109-5.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038965345","display_name":"Stevie Lochran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4172-0154"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330665745","display_name":"Energy Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03fgcf430","country_code":"GB","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330665745"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stevie Lochran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy Institute, Bartlett School of Environment, Energy and Resources, University College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4172-0154","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy Institute, Bartlett School of Environment, Energy and Resources, University College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330665745","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038965345"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330665745","https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2780},"apc_paid":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2780},"fwci":0.698,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81451247,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"4","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12129","display_name":"Global Energy Security and Policy","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2100","display_name":"General Energy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12129","display_name":"Global Energy Security and Policy","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2100","display_name":"General Energy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11185","display_name":"Integrated Energy Systems Optimization","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13200","display_name":"Spacecraft and Cryogenic Technologies","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-gas","display_name":"Natural gas","score":0.6670019626617432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/investment","display_name":"Investment (military)","score":0.5546051859855652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supply-and-demand","display_name":"Supply and demand","score":0.5115848183631897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/production","display_name":"Production (economics)","score":0.48097527027130127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.4602336883544922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.4507538974285126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline-transport","display_name":"Pipeline transport","score":0.44294828176498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-resource-economics","display_name":"Natural resource economics","score":0.4335539937019348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-economics","display_name":"Environmental economics","score":0.34806692600250244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3341538906097412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.2697734236717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2519664466381073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2499115765094757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-engineering","display_name":"Environmental engineering","score":0.18125173449516296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waste-management","display_name":"Waste management","score":0.12687227129936218}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59427239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40858","display_name":"Natural gas","level":2,"score":0.6670019626617432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.5546051859855652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120330832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166656","display_name":"Supply and demand","level":2,"score":0.5115848183631897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.48097527027130127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4602336883544922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.4507538974285126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175309249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725864","display_name":"Pipeline transport","level":2,"score":0.44294828176498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.4335539937019348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.34806692600250244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3341538906097412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2697734236717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2519664466381073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2499115765094757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.18125173449516296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.12687227129936218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43069-021-00109-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43069-021-00109-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43069-021-00109-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210215153","display_name":"Operations Research Forum","issn_l":"2662-2556","issn":["2662-2556"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Operations Research Forum","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:spr:snopef:v:2:y:2021:i:4:d:10.1007_s43069-021-00109-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s43069-021-00109-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s43069-021-00109-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43069-021-00109-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43069-021-00109-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210215153","display_name":"Operations Research Forum","issn_l":"2662-2556","issn":["2662-2556"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Operations Research Forum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2799600596","display_name":"DTA - University College London","funder_award_id":"EP/P505771/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320035","display_name":"UK Energy Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/04yfnda77"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320286","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3216679721.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3216679721.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1543674064","https://openalex.org/W1683770056","https://openalex.org/W1708432661","https://openalex.org/W1970412715","https://openalex.org/W1970635216","https://openalex.org/W1973338192","https://openalex.org/W1983663873","https://openalex.org/W1990192738","https://openalex.org/W1998746913","https://openalex.org/W2004216675","https://openalex.org/W2025269869","https://openalex.org/W2054273958","https://openalex.org/W2054848673","https://openalex.org/W2075073818","https://openalex.org/W2077084354","https://openalex.org/W2083234127","https://openalex.org/W2086920998","https://openalex.org/W2135356797","https://openalex.org/W2135737041","https://openalex.org/W2137750561","https://openalex.org/W2160498206","https://openalex.org/W2164349659","https://openalex.org/W2186683599","https://openalex.org/W2410546136","https://openalex.org/W2488662739","https://openalex.org/W2554218280","https://openalex.org/W2555529289","https://openalex.org/W2593715617","https://openalex.org/W2786078174","https://openalex.org/W2834369076","https://openalex.org/W2898260803","https://openalex.org/W2922534800","https://openalex.org/W3123410080","https://openalex.org/W3162614957","https://openalex.org/W4231010947","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4380433113","https://openalex.org/W4386072068","https://openalex.org/W252339960","https://openalex.org/W2390529043","https://openalex.org/W2378320433","https://openalex.org/W2358343511","https://openalex.org/W2051877971","https://openalex.org/W1970117064","https://openalex.org/W3198529437","https://openalex.org/W1787170397"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,32],"bstract":[1],"As":[2],"indigenous":[3,205],"production":[4],"declines,":[5],"the":[6,28,38,86,140,176,185,264,271],"European":[7,39,65,141],"gas":[8,41,66,143,194,206,235],"market":[9],"is":[10,130,293],"becoming":[11],"increasingly":[12],"dependent":[13],"on":[14,242],"imports.":[15],"This":[16,113],"poses":[17],"energy":[18],"security":[19],"questions":[20],"for":[21,127,154],"a":[22,93,119,131,201,226,243,267],"number":[23],"of":[24,30,34,37,88,95,139,204,230,255,266,284],"countries,":[25],"particularly":[26],"in":[27,75,196,250],"north-east":[29],"Europe.":[31],"suite":[33],"mathematical":[35],"models":[36,68],"natural":[40,142],"network":[42,67,144],"has":[43,50],"been":[44,52],"borne":[45],"from":[46,246],"these":[47,104],"concerns":[48],"and":[49,77,84,109,145,152,162,170,184,212,234,279,290],"traditionally":[51],"used":[53],"to":[54,72,103,117,248,262,269],"assess":[55,85],"supply":[56,76,89,153],"disruption":[57,90],"scenarios.":[58],"The":[59,122,164,239,253,281],"literature":[60],"reveals":[61],"that":[62,100],"most":[63],"existing":[64,221],"are":[69,101,106,172,187,257],"insufficiently":[70],"specified":[71],"analyse":[73,263],"changes":[74],"demand":[78,151,195,216],"dynamics,":[79],"appraise":[80],"proposed":[81],"infrastructure":[82],"investments,":[83],"impacts":[87,265],"scenarios":[91],"over":[92],"range":[94],"time":[96],"horizons.":[97],"Furthermore,":[98],"those":[99],"suited":[102],"applications":[105],"typically":[107],"proprietary":[108],"therefore":[110],"publicly":[111],"unavailable.":[112],"offers":[114],"an":[115],"opportunity":[116],"present":[118],"new":[120],"model.":[121],"Gas":[123],"Network":[124],"Optimisation":[125],"Model":[126],"Europe":[128],"(GNOME)":[129],"dynamic,":[132],"highly":[133],"granular":[134],"mixed-integer":[135],"linear":[136],"optimisation":[137],"model":[138,240],"its":[146],"exogenous":[147],"suppliers.":[148],"GNOME":[149,192,223,256,285],"represents":[150],"all":[155],"EU-27":[156],"Member":[157],"States":[158],"except":[159],"Cyprus,":[160],"Luxembourg,":[161],"Malta.":[163],"UK,":[165],"Norway,":[166],"Switzerland,":[167],"Belarus,":[168],"Ukraine,":[169],"Turkey":[171],"also":[173],"included.":[174],"Russia,":[175],"Southern":[177],"Corridor":[178],"suppliers,":[179],"Qatar,":[180],"North":[181],"Africa,":[182],"Nigeria,":[183],"Americas":[186],"modelled":[188],"as":[189],"supply-only":[190],"regions.":[191],"satisfies":[193],"each":[197],"country":[198],"by":[199,259],"generating":[200],"cost-minimal":[202],"mix":[203],"production,":[207],"pipeline":[208,276],"flows,":[209],"LNG":[210,232],"imports,":[211],"storage":[213,236],"use.":[214],"If":[215],"cannot":[217],"be":[218],"met":[219],"using":[220],"infrastructure,":[222],"will":[224],"generate":[225],"cost-optimal":[227],"investment":[228],"strategy":[229],"pipeline,":[231],"regasification,":[233],"capacity":[237],"additions.":[238],"solves":[241],"monthly":[244],"basis,":[245],"2025":[247],"2040,":[249],"5-year":[251],"steps.":[252],"capabilities":[254],"demonstrated":[258],"tasking":[260],"it":[261],"failure":[268],"complete":[270,282],"upcoming":[272],"Nord":[273],"Stream":[274],"2":[275],"between":[277],"Russia":[278],"Germany.":[280],"formulation":[283],"including":[286],"input":[287],"files,":[288],"equations,":[289],"source":[291],"code":[292],"provided.":[294]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}