{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415274548","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-026-04855-3","title":"Developing and Validating the Arabic Version of the Attitudes Toward Large Language Models Scale","display_name":"Developing and Validating the Arabic Version of the Attitudes Toward Large Language Models Scale","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415274548","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-026-04855-3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s42979-026-04855-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-026-04855-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42979-026-04855-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174798","display_name":"SN Computer Science","issn_l":"2661-8907","issn":["2661-8907","2662-995X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SN Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42979-026-04855-3.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120033615","display_name":"Basad Barajeeh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801041926","display_name":"Tai Po Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/057vc9k50","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I2801041926"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086892","display_name":"Education University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/000t0f062","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086892"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Basad Barajeeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801041926","https://openalex.org/I4210086892"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021047216","display_name":"Ala Yankouskaya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0794-0989"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9300472","display_name":"Bournemouth University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wwcw481","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9300472"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ala Yankouskaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9300472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019143081","display_name":"Sameha Alshakhsi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2138-4731"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sameha AlShakhsi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051152748","display_name":"Chun Sing Maxwell Ho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1776-3683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801041926","display_name":"Tai Po Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/057vc9k50","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I2801041926"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086892","display_name":"Education University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/000t0f062","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086892"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun Sing Maxwell Ho","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801041926","https://openalex.org/I4210086892"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051512158","display_name":"Guandong Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4493-6663"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801041926","display_name":"Tai Po Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/057vc9k50","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I2801041926"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086892","display_name":"Education University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/000t0f062","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086892"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guandong Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801041926","https://openalex.org/I4210086892"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088731268","display_name":"Raian Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5285-7829"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raian Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5285-7829","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021047216"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9300472"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00152364,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"5","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14476","display_name":"Mental Health and Well-being","score":0.8562999963760376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14476","display_name":"Mental Health and Well-being","score":0.8562999963760376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14482","display_name":"Education Practices and Evaluation","score":0.8144999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13853","display_name":"Teacher Education and Assessments","score":0.7203999757766724,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.6287000179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5931000113487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.47859999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arabic","display_name":"Arabic","score":0.4361000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.39730000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminant-validity","display_name":"Discriminant validity","score":0.38909998536109924}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.6287000179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5931000113487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.48730000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.47859999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44530001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96455323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13955","display_name":"Arabic","level":2,"score":0.4361000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4268999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.42239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.39730000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120107772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168554","display_name":"Discriminant validity","level":4,"score":0.38909998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.3540000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.34389999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.3294999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3222000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134698397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17946","display_name":"Public opinion","level":3,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121244757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783487","display_name":"Convergent validity","level":4,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.2574999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1589151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804207","display_name":"Measurement invariance","level":4,"score":0.257099986076355}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s42979-026-04855-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-026-04855-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42979-026-04855-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174798","display_name":"SN Computer Science","issn_l":"2661-8907","issn":["2661-8907","2662-995X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SN Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2510.13009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2510.13009","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.13009","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.13009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.13009","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s42979-026-04855-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-026-04855-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42979-026-04855-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174798","display_name":"SN Computer Science","issn_l":"2661-8907","issn":["2661-8907","2662-995X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SN Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319188","display_name":"Hamad Bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415274548.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415274548.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"As":[1],"the":[2,29,54,69,100,104,123,125,143,163,179,245],"use":[3],"of":[4,155,233],"large":[5],"language":[6],"models":[7],"(LLMs)":[8],"becomes":[9],"increasingly":[10],"global,":[11],"understanding":[12],"public":[13],"attitudes":[14,65,73,84],"toward":[15,66,74],"these":[16],"systems":[17],"requires":[18],"tools":[19],"that":[20,162,174],"are":[21],"adapted":[22,112],"to":[23,62,86,113,227],"local":[24],"contexts":[25],"and":[26,42,47,58,103,111,131,147,149,171,182,195,204,212,236,242],"languages.":[27],"In":[28,138],"Arab":[30,180,246],"world,":[31],"LLM":[32,135,234],"adoption":[33],"has":[34,107],"grown":[35],"rapidly":[36],"with":[37],"both":[38],"globally":[39],"dominant":[40],"platforms":[41],"regional":[43],"ones":[44],"like":[45],"Fanar":[46],"Jais":[48],"offering":[49],"Arabic\u2013specific":[50],"solutions.":[51],"This":[52],"highlights":[53],"need":[55],"for":[56,82,178],"culturally":[57],"linguistically":[59],"relevant":[60],"scales":[61,207,216],"accurately":[63],"measure":[64],"LLMs":[67,129],"in":[68,117,220,244],"region.":[70,247],"Tools":[71],"assessing":[72],"artificial":[75],"intelligence":[76],"(AI)":[77],"can":[78,175],"provide":[79],"a":[80,120,153,169,187,221,224,230],"base":[81],"measuring":[83],"specific":[85],"LLMs.":[87],"The":[88,159,206],"5\u2013item":[89],"Attitudes":[90,126,132],"Toward":[91,127,133],"Artificial":[92],"Intelligence":[93],"(ATAI)":[94],"scale,":[95,164],"which":[96],"measures":[97],"two":[98,144],"dimensions,":[99],"AI":[101,105],"Fear":[102],"Acceptance,":[106],"been":[108],"recently":[109],"adopted":[110],"develop":[114],"new":[115],"instruments":[116],"English":[118],"using":[119,152],"sample":[121,154],"from":[122],"UK:":[124],"General":[128],"(AT\u2013GLLM)":[130],"Primary":[134],"(AT\u2013PLLM)":[136],"scales.":[137],"this":[139],"paper,":[140],"we":[141],"translate":[142],"scales,":[145],"AT\u2013GLLM":[146],"AT\u2013PLLM,":[148],"validate":[150],"them":[151],"249":[156],"Arabic\u2013speaking":[157],"adults.":[158],"results":[160],"show":[161],"translated":[165],"into":[166],"Arabic,":[167],"is":[168],"reliable":[170],"valid":[172],"tool":[173],"be":[176],"used":[177],"population":[181],"language.":[183],"Psychometric":[184],"analyses":[185],"confirmed":[186],"two\u2013factor":[188],"structure,":[189],"strong":[190,210],"measurement":[191],"invariance":[192],"across":[193],"genders,":[194],"good":[196],"internal":[197],"reliability":[198],"(Cronbach\u2019s":[199],"\u03b1":[200],"ranged":[201],"between":[202],".67":[203],".75).":[205],"also":[208,238],"demonstrated":[209],"convergent":[211],"discriminant":[213],"validity.":[214],"Our":[215],"will":[217,237],"support":[218],"research":[219,241],"non\u2013Western":[222],"context,":[223],"much\u2013needed":[225],"effort":[226],"help":[228],"draw":[229],"global":[231],"picture":[232],"perceptions":[235],"facilitate":[239],"localized":[240],"policy\u2013making":[243]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-03T08:13:44.112507","created_date":"2025-10-17T00:00:00"}