{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7135022031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-026-04789-w","title":"Evaluating Large Language Models in Retrieval-Augmented Tutoring Systems: Methods and Emerging Tools","display_name":"Evaluating Large Language Models in Retrieval-Augmented Tutoring Systems: Methods and Emerging Tools","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7135022031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-026-04789-w"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s42979-026-04789-w","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-026-04789-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174798","display_name":"SN Computer Science","issn_l":"2661-8907","issn":["2661-8907","2662-995X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SN Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041993697","display_name":"Owais Bhat","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4264650","display_name":"Islamic University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02kdtt649","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4264650"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Owais Bhat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Pulwama, Jammu and Kashmir, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2604-8291","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Pulwama, Jammu and Kashmir, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4264650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128872126","display_name":"Zubair Jeelani","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zubair Jeelani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Samarkand International University of Technology, Samarkand, Uzbekistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Samarkand International University of Technology, Samarkand, Uzbekistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065629507","display_name":"Syed Tanzeel Rabani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7596-5964"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Tanzeel Rabani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Samarkand International University of Technology, Samarkand, Uzbekistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Samarkand International University of Technology, Samarkand, Uzbekistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079775915","display_name":"Syed Mohsin Saif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7237-8828"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4264650","display_name":"Islamic University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02kdtt649","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4264650"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Mohsin Saif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Pulwama, Jammu and Kashmir, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Pulwama, Jammu and Kashmir, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4264650"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128801446","display_name":"Nawaz A. Lone","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4264650","display_name":"Islamic University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02kdtt649","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4264650"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nawaz A. Lone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Pulwama, Jammu and Kashmir, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Pulwama, Jammu and Kashmir, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4264650"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041993697"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4264650"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.48946523,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"3","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.4756999909877777,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.4756999909877777,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.15049999952316284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.11569999903440475,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.4268999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.4262000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.40720000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curriculum","display_name":"Curriculum","score":0.36910000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.33090001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.3230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.32030001282691956}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8137999773025513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5020999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.4268999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.4262000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.40799999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.40720000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.36910000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.33090001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.3230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.32030001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3192000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161301231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3478658","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","level":2,"score":0.3116999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2911011789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130741","display_name":"Hallucinating","level":2,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3027999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779336797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3055492","display_name":"Intelligent tutoring system","level":2,"score":0.2971000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13606891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623243","display_name":"Conceptual model","level":2,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775966667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6423384","display_name":"Knowledge modeling","level":3,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2556000053882599}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s42979-026-04789-w","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-026-04789-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174798","display_name":"SN Computer Science","issn_l":"2661-8907","issn":["2661-8907","2662-995X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SN Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8604624271392822}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748211750","https://openalex.org/W3001342735","https://openalex.org/W3034999214","https://openalex.org/W3099700870","https://openalex.org/W4284670538","https://openalex.org/W4284692161","https://openalex.org/W4323655724","https://openalex.org/W4388778348","https://openalex.org/W4391071102","https://openalex.org/W4391136507","https://openalex.org/W4399699742","https://openalex.org/W4413069692","https://openalex.org/W4413205193","https://openalex.org/W4415124086"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-01T08:36:08.643496","created_date":"2026-03-13T00:00:00"}