{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409647119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-025-03962-x","title":"Shadow AI: Cyber Security Implications, Opportunities and Challenges in the Unseen Frontier","display_name":"Shadow AI: Cyber Security Implications, Opportunities and Challenges in the Unseen Frontier","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409647119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-025-03962-x"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s42979-025-03962-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-025-03962-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42979-025-03962-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174798","display_name":"SN Computer Science","issn_l":"2661-8907","issn":["2661-8907","2662-995X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SN Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42979-025-03962-x.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103041989","display_name":"Deepak Puthal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5441-8934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111245572","display_name":"Indian Institute of Management Raipur","ror":"https://ror.org/05vqbh574","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111245572"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Deepak Puthal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya, Turi Khurd, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya, Turi Khurd, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111245572"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006567738","display_name":"Amit Kumar Mishra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6631-1539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16038530","display_name":"Aberystwyth University","ror":"https://ror.org/015m2p889","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16038530"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137491","display_name":"National Science Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/03ha2q922","country_code":"PL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137491"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I686019","display_name":"AGH University of Krakow","ror":"https://ror.org/00bas1c41","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I686019"]}],"countries":["GB","PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amit Kumar Mishra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Space Technology, Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth, SY23 2JH, UK","National Spectrum Centre, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, 30-059, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6631-1539","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Space Technology, Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth, SY23 2JH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16038530"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Spectrum Centre, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, 30-059, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137491","https://openalex.org/I686019"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070359867","display_name":"Saraju P. Mohanty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2959-6541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","display_name":"University of North Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97ad02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saraju P. Mohanty","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Texas, Denton, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Texas, Denton, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053059459","display_name":"Antonella Longo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6902-0160"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142910587","display_name":"University of Salento","ror":"https://ror.org/03fc1k060","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142910587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonella Longo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Salento, Lecce, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Salento, Lecce, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142910587"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044552714","display_name":"Chan Yeob Yeun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1398-952X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chan Yeob Yeun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":6,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006567738","https://openalex.org/A5103041989"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111245572","https://openalex.org/I16038530","https://openalex.org/I4210137491","https://openalex.org/I686019"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":28.2521,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9952343,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"5","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frontier","display_name":"Frontier","score":0.8655743598937988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shadow","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","score":0.8060740232467651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.38151657581329346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.37584471702575684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.27696719765663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.25269460678100586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychoanalysis","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","score":0.10965508222579956}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778571376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1355821","display_name":"Frontier","level":2,"score":0.8655743598937988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117797892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286363","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.8060740232467651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.38151657581329346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.37584471702575684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.27696719765663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.25269460678100586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.10965508222579956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s42979-025-03962-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-025-03962-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42979-025-03962-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174798","display_name":"SN Computer Science","issn_l":"2661-8907","issn":["2661-8907","2662-995X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SN Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s42979-025-03962-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-025-03962-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42979-025-03962-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174798","display_name":"SN Computer Science","issn_l":"2661-8907","issn":["2661-8907","2662-995X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SN Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409647119.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409647119.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2076698718","https://openalex.org/W2935718310","https://openalex.org/W3048468305","https://openalex.org/W3080818026","https://openalex.org/W3137469725","https://openalex.org/W3182917412","https://openalex.org/W3209284431","https://openalex.org/W4281572064","https://openalex.org/W4289792764","https://openalex.org/W4309080560","https://openalex.org/W4360760776","https://openalex.org/W4362602778","https://openalex.org/W4362704894","https://openalex.org/W4380607084","https://openalex.org/W4388720055","https://openalex.org/W4390752211","https://openalex.org/W4393004490","https://openalex.org/W4393900885","https://openalex.org/W4399145575","https://openalex.org/W4399433522","https://openalex.org/W4404036358","https://openalex.org/W4405152863"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2347401120","https://openalex.org/W2041961361","https://openalex.org/W2310010941","https://openalex.org/W1988132375","https://openalex.org/W2334292868","https://openalex.org/W579144800","https://openalex.org/W2147233680"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1],"progression":[2],"of":[3,37,82,116,121,148,174],"artificial":[4],"intelligence":[5],"(AI)":[6],"technologies":[7],"has":[8],"reached":[9],"a":[10],"level":[11,147],"that":[12,52],"greatly":[13],"enhances":[14],"the":[15,23,35,62,95,106,110,122,141,146,152,162,172],"different":[16],"organizational":[17],"sectors":[18],"by":[19,42,61],"facilitating":[20],"them":[21],"with":[22,181],"means":[24],"to":[25,71,160,164,166],"advance":[26],"and":[27,30,40,78,100,126,170],"improve":[28],"systems":[29,41],"processes.":[31],"Shadow":[32,101,138,154],"AI":[33,38,102,124,139],"implies":[34],"usage":[36],"tools":[39,54],"individuals":[43],"within":[44,109],"an":[45,87],"entity,":[46],"respectively,":[47],"without":[48],"permission":[49],"thereby":[50],"implying":[51],"these":[53],"were":[55],"not":[56],"directly":[57],"monitored":[58],"or":[59,65],"controlled":[60],"centralized":[63],"IT":[64],"security":[66,79,98,149],"department.":[67],"It":[68],"also":[69,104],"contributes":[70],"significant":[72],"cyber":[73,178],"risks":[74],"such":[75],"as":[76],"data":[77,130],"breaches,":[80],"abuse":[81],"compliance,":[83],"and,":[84],"in":[85],"general,":[86],"increased":[88],"threat":[89,111],"landscape.":[90],"This":[91],"paper":[92,135],"highlights":[93],"into":[94],"emerging":[96],"global":[97],"trends":[99],"while":[103,144],"covering":[105],"unique":[107],"positioning":[108],"landscape":[112,143],"concerning":[113],"unauthorized":[114],"computation":[115],"sensitive":[117],"data,":[118],"safety":[119],"vulnerabilities":[120],"unmonitored":[123],"models,":[125],"model":[127],"poisoning":[128],"alongside":[129],"leakage-marked":[131],"out.":[132],"Moreover,":[133],"this":[134],"covers":[136],"how":[137],"distracts":[140],"attack":[142],"increasing":[145],"problem":[150],"for":[151,177],"organization.":[153],"AI,":[155],"however,":[156],"can":[157],"be":[158],"employed":[159],"increase":[161,171],"ability":[163],"respond":[165],"threats,":[167],"locate":[168],"irregularities,":[169],"range":[173],"options":[175],"available":[176],"solutions":[179],"even":[180],"all":[182],"its":[183],"risks.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}