{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4382459438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-023-01919-6","title":"Characterizing a Time\u2013Memory Tradeoff Against PudgyTurtle","display_name":"Characterizing a Time\u2013Memory Tradeoff Against PudgyTurtle","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4382459438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-023-01919-6"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s42979-023-01919-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42979-023-01919-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42979-023-01919-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174798","display_name":"SN Computer Science","issn_l":"2661-8907","issn":["2661-8907","2662-995X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SN Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42979-023-01919-6.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102878166","display_name":"David A. August","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2732-5983"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158133745","display_name":"MGH Institute of Health Professions","ror":"https://ror.org/037msyf12","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158133745"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David A. August","raw_affiliation_strings":["MGH-DACCPM/GRJ 444, 55 Fruit St., 02114, Boston, MA, USA","MGH-DACCPM/GRJ 444, Boston, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2732-5983","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MGH-DACCPM/GRJ 444, 55 Fruit St., 02114, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158133745"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MGH-DACCPM/GRJ 444, Boston, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113069998","display_name":"Anne C. Smith","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anne C. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boston, MA, 02114, USA","Boston, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston, MA, 02114, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102878166"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158133745"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06574744,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"5","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keystream","display_name":"Keystream","score":0.9029785990715027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stream-cipher","display_name":"Stream cipher","score":0.8667944669723511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.662936270236969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptanalysis","display_name":"Cryptanalysis","score":0.6293202042579651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plaintext","display_name":"Plaintext","score":0.5512031316757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulo","display_name":"Modulo","score":0.5357735753059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.46465080976486206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cipher","display_name":"Cipher","score":0.45998209714889526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.44859209656715393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4253336489200592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transposition-cipher","display_name":"Transposition cipher","score":0.41678181290626526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brute-force-attack","display_name":"Brute-force attack","score":0.41196033358573914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.39050057530403137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.3734113574028015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.32352349162101746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3070259690284729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/running-key-cipher","display_name":"Running key cipher","score":0.2994619905948639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.19108980894088745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.180711567401886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.09407046437263489}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776132008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509893","display_name":"Keystream","level":4,"score":0.9029785990715027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92950451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864718","display_name":"Stream cipher","level":3,"score":0.8667944669723511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.662936270236969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181149355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897511","display_name":"Cryptanalysis","level":3,"score":0.6293202042579651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92717368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1162538","display_name":"Plaintext","level":3,"score":0.5512031316757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54732982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1415345","display_name":"Modulo","level":2,"score":0.5357735753059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.46465080976486206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780221543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4681865","display_name":"Cipher","level":3,"score":0.45998209714889526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.44859209656715393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4253336489200592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71247151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840498","display_name":"Transposition cipher","level":5,"score":0.41678181290626526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207468940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q869370","display_name":"Brute-force attack","level":3,"score":0.41196033358573914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.39050057530403137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3734113574028015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.32352349162101746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3070259690284729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64119674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7380031","display_name":"Running key cipher","level":4,"score":0.2994619905948639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.19108980894088745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.180711567401886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.09407046437263489}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s42979-023-01919-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42979-023-01919-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42979-023-01919-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174798","display_name":"SN Computer Science","issn_l":"2661-8907","issn":["2661-8907","2662-995X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SN Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s42979-023-01919-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42979-023-01919-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42979-023-01919-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174798","display_name":"SN Computer Science","issn_l":"2661-8907","issn":["2661-8907","2662-995X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SN Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382459438.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W45372631","https://openalex.org/W153516704","https://openalex.org/W182571705","https://openalex.org/W202742358","https://openalex.org/W1489829676","https://openalex.org/W1544956979","https://openalex.org/W1549671385","https://openalex.org/W1554090281","https://openalex.org/W1599175145","https://openalex.org/W1607874478","https://openalex.org/W1887479902","https://openalex.org/W1894646615","https://openalex.org/W1994591449","https://openalex.org/W1997344624","https://openalex.org/W2005121607","https://openalex.org/W2006824395","https://openalex.org/W2012646342","https://openalex.org/W2031139558","https://openalex.org/W2087928947","https://openalex.org/W2095202986","https://openalex.org/W2126132644","https://openalex.org/W2130943734","https://openalex.org/W2131202839","https://openalex.org/W2141124495","https://openalex.org/W2159840470","https://openalex.org/W2276318674","https://openalex.org/W2293947265","https://openalex.org/W2397402334","https://openalex.org/W2399358898","https://openalex.org/W2402108048","https://openalex.org/W2810305578","https://openalex.org/W3003925440","https://openalex.org/W3039323007","https://openalex.org/W3042039494","https://openalex.org/W3046266665","https://openalex.org/W3119961190","https://openalex.org/W4211220442","https://openalex.org/W4213193213","https://openalex.org/W4234875403","https://openalex.org/W4256468542","https://openalex.org/W6639606277"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312622838","https://openalex.org/W2252844198","https://openalex.org/W2089123837","https://openalex.org/W4280600401","https://openalex.org/W2912639359","https://openalex.org/W2376949599","https://openalex.org/W4382459438","https://openalex.org/W2127167669","https://openalex.org/W2025933801","https://openalex.org/W2352474147"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"PudgyTurtle":[1,28,47],"is":[2,48,74,114],"not":[3],"a":[4,84,93,110],"cipher,":[5],"but":[6],"rather":[7],"an":[8,79],"alternative":[9],"way":[10],"to":[11,25,32,40,49,116],"utilize":[12],"the":[13,23,26,30,65],"keystream":[14,24,31],"in":[15,107],"binary-additive":[16,86],"stream-cipher":[17],"cryptosystems.":[18],"Instead":[19],"of":[20,36,46,64,92,109],"modulo-2":[21],"adding":[22],"plaintext,":[27,37],"uses":[29],"encode":[33],"4-bit":[34],"groups":[35],"and":[38,69,103],"then":[39],"encipher":[41],"each":[42],"codeword.":[43],"One":[44],"goal":[45],"make":[50],"time\u2013memory":[51],"tradeoff":[52,81],"attacks":[53],"more":[54],"difficult.":[55],"Here,":[56],"we":[57],"investigate":[58],"one":[59],"such":[60],"attack":[61,82],"(a":[62],"modification":[63],"well-known":[66],"Babbage\u2013Goli\u0107":[67],"method),":[68],"show":[70],"that":[71,91],"its":[72],"time-complexity":[73],"harder":[75],"on":[76],"average":[77],"than":[78],"analogous":[80],"against":[83],"standard":[85],"stream":[87],"cipher;":[88],"may":[89],"approach":[90],"\u2019brute-force\u2019":[94],"attack;":[95],"can":[96,104],"be":[97,105],"reduced":[98],"by":[99],"certain":[100],"parameter":[101],"choices;":[102],"formulated":[106],"terms":[108],"probability":[111],"distribution":[112],"which":[113],"amenable":[115],"simulation.":[117]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T06:13:01.061226","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
