{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283077020","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-022-01220-y","title":"Measuring When a Music Generation Algorithm Copies Too Much: The Originality Report, Cardinality Score, and Symbolic Fingerprinting by Geometric Hashing","display_name":"Measuring When a Music Generation Algorithm Copies Too Much: The Originality Report, Cardinality Score, and Symbolic Fingerprinting by Geometric Hashing","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283077020","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-022-01220-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s42979-022-01220-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-022-01220-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42979-022-01220-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174798","display_name":"SN Computer Science","issn_l":"2661-8907","issn":["2661-8907","2662-995X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SN Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42979-022-01220-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020559621","display_name":"Zongyu Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8709-8829"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zongyu Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of York, York, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8709-8829","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of York, York, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075449492","display_name":"Federico Reuben","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1330-7346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Federico Reuben","raw_affiliation_strings":["Music, Science and Technology Research Cluster, Department of Music, University of York, York, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Music, Science and Technology Research Cluster, Department of Music, University of York, York, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031800049","display_name":"Susan Stepney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3146-5401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susan Stepney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of York, York, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3146-5401","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of York, York, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071036967","display_name":"Tom Collins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7880-5093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tom Collins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Music, Science and Technology Research Cluster, Department of Music, University of York, York, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7880-5093","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Music, Science and Technology Research Cluster, Department of Music, University of York, York, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071036967"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"],"apc_list":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"fwci":1.2762,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77611754,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"5","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11349","display_name":"Music Technology and Sound Studies","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/originality","display_name":"Originality","score":0.967943549156189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6274776458740234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4575760066509247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.425638347864151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.423079252243042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfitting","display_name":"Overfitting","score":0.4190583825111389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40333595871925354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.35405194759368896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.0945577621459961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.09134581685066223}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776950860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914681","display_name":"Originality","level":3,"score":0.967943549156189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6274776458740234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4575760066509247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.425638347864151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.423079252243042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.4190583825111389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40333595871925354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.35405194759368896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.0945577621459961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.09134581685066223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11012388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170658","display_name":"Creativity","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s42979-022-01220-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-022-01220-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42979-022-01220-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174798","display_name":"SN Computer Science","issn_l":"2661-8907","issn":["2661-8907","2662-995X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SN Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:190005","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1330-7346>,","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s42979-022-01220-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-022-01220-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42979-022-01220-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174798","display_name":"SN Computer Science","issn_l":"2661-8907","issn":["2661-8907","2662-995X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SN Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283077020.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283077020.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W288571436","https://openalex.org/W1585589119","https://openalex.org/W1806891645","https://openalex.org/W1968754505","https://openalex.org/W2012187833","https://openalex.org/W2038328044","https://openalex.org/W2056367563","https://openalex.org/W2067621398","https://openalex.org/W2076254785","https://openalex.org/W2111066885","https://openalex.org/W2123555133","https://openalex.org/W2143612262","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2190789899","https://openalex.org/W2527168931","https://openalex.org/W2608172077","https://openalex.org/W2736088257","https://openalex.org/W2772474126","https://openalex.org/W2887902433","https://openalex.org/W2972141736","https://openalex.org/W2989838269","https://openalex.org/W3112689365","https://openalex.org/W4206239201"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3099765033","https://openalex.org/W2989932438","https://openalex.org/W2792213864","https://openalex.org/W4285802257","https://openalex.org/W4386692585","https://openalex.org/W2885665929","https://openalex.org/W2789919619","https://openalex.org/W3102792585","https://openalex.org/W3081496756","https://openalex.org/W2383131913"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Research":[1],"on":[2,124],"automatic":[3],"music":[4,71,128,239],"generation":[5,90],"lacks":[6],"consideration":[7],"of":[8,11,16,28,82,84,108,140,149,154,175,192,194,219,233],"the":[9,23,38,46,56,94,97,115,138,145,150,155,159,164,185,203,212,230],"originality":[10,24,103,116,139,213],"musical":[12,80],"outputs,":[13],"creating":[14],"risks":[15],"plagiarism":[17],"and/or":[18],"copyright":[19],"infringement.":[20],"We":[21],"present":[22],"report":[25,117,214],"\u2014a":[26],"set":[27],"analyses":[29,156],"that":[30,137,158],"is":[31,143],"parameterised":[32],"by":[33],"a":[34,52,76,106,119,199,216],"\u201csimilarity":[35,121],"score\u201d\u2014for":[36],"measuring":[37],"extent":[39,57],"to":[40,54,58,79,96,188],"which":[41,59],"an":[42],"algorithm":[43,221],"copies":[44,191],"from":[45,63],"input":[47,195],"music.":[48],"First,":[49],"we":[50,74,100,113,210],"construct":[51],"baseline,":[53],"determine":[55],"human":[60],"composers":[61],"borrow":[62],"themselves":[64],"and":[65,87,92,178,224,228,245],"each":[66],"other":[67],"in":[68,173,181,226],"some":[69],"existing":[70],"corpus.":[72],"Second,":[73],"apply":[75],"similar":[77],"analysis":[78],"outputs":[81,174,225],"runs":[83],"MAIA":[85],"Markov":[86],"Music":[88],"Transformer":[89,160],"algorithms,":[91],"compare":[93],"results":[95],"baseline.":[98,151],"Third,":[99],"investigate":[101],"how":[102],"varies":[104],"as":[105,215],"function":[107],"Transformer\u2019s":[109],"training":[110,183,222],"epoch.":[111],"Fourth,":[112],"demonstrate":[114],"with":[118,129,198],"different":[120],"score\u201d":[122],"based":[123],"symbolic":[125],"fingerprinting,":[126],"encompassing":[127],"more":[130],"complex,":[131],"expressive":[132],"timing":[133],"information.":[134],"Results":[135],"indicate":[136],"Transfomer\u2019s":[141],"output":[142],"below":[144],"95%":[146],"confidence":[147],"interval":[148],"Musicological":[152],"interpretation":[153],"shows":[157],"model":[161,186],"obtained":[162],"via":[163,249],"conventional":[165],"stopping":[166],"criteria":[167],"produces":[168],"single-note":[169],"repetition":[170],"patterns,":[171],"resulting":[172],"low":[176],"quality":[177],"originality,":[179],"while":[180],"later":[182],"epochs,":[184],"tends":[187],"overfit,":[189],"producing":[190],"excerpts":[193],"pieces.":[196],"Even":[197],"larger":[200],"data":[201],"set,":[202],"same":[204],"copying":[205],"issues":[206],"still":[207],"exist.":[208],"Thus,":[209],"recommend":[211],"new":[217],"means":[218],"evaluating":[220],"processes":[223],"future,":[227],"question":[229],"reported":[231],"success":[232],"language-based":[234],"deep":[235],"learning":[236],"models":[237],"for":[238],"generation.":[240],"Supporting":[241],"materials":[242],"(data":[243],"sets":[244],"code)":[246],"are":[247],"available":[248],"https://osf.io/96emr/":[250],".":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}