{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7166696212","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42484-026-00412-6","title":"Mitigating vanishing similarity in quantum kernels for DDoS attack detection","display_name":"Mitigating vanishing similarity in quantum kernels for DDoS attack detection","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7166696212","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42484-026-00412-6"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s42484-026-00412-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42484-026-00412-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42484-026-00412-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210217596","display_name":"Quantum Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"2524-4906","issn":["2524-4906","2524-4914"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42484-026-00412-6.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116423878","display_name":"Arturo Rodr\u00edguez-Almaz\u00e1n","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184999862","display_name":"Universidad de Salamanca","ror":"https://ror.org/02f40zc51","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184999862"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arturo Rodr\u00edguez-Almaz\u00e1n","raw_affiliation_strings":["BISITE Research Group, University of Salamanca, Calle Espejo, Salamanca, 37007, Castilla y Le\u00f3n, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4654-773X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BISITE Research Group, University of Salamanca, Calle Espejo, Salamanca, 37007, Castilla y Le\u00f3n, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184999862"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116423877","display_name":"Guillermo Rivas-Oliveros","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2385-0397"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184999862","display_name":"Universidad de Salamanca","ror":"https://ror.org/02f40zc51","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184999862"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guillermo Rivas","raw_affiliation_strings":["BISITE Research Group, University of Salamanca, Calle Espejo, Salamanca, 37007, Castilla y Le\u00f3n, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2385-0397","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BISITE Research Group, University of Salamanca, Calle Espejo, Salamanca, 37007, Castilla y Le\u00f3n, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184999862"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139644255","display_name":"Pablo Plaza","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113112","display_name":"Technological Institute of Castilla y Le\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/01f3b0g09","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113112"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pablo Plaza","raw_affiliation_strings":["AIR Institute, Carr. de la Aldehuela, Zamora, 49022, Castilla y Le\u00f3n, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AIR Institute, Carr. de la Aldehuela, Zamora, 49022, Castilla y Le\u00f3n, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113112"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029724469","display_name":"Ang\u00e9lica Gonz\u00e1lez Arrieta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4726-7103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184999862","display_name":"Universidad de Salamanca","ror":"https://ror.org/02f40zc51","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184999862"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ang\u00e9lica Gonz\u00e1lez-Arrieta","raw_affiliation_strings":["BISITE Research Group, University of Salamanca, Calle Espejo, Salamanca, 37007, Castilla y Le\u00f3n, Spain","Department of Computer Science and Automation Control, University of Salamanca, Plaza de los Ca\u00eddos, Salamanca, 37008, Castilla y Le\u00f3n, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4726-7103","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BISITE Research Group, University of Salamanca, Calle Espejo, Salamanca, 37007, Castilla y Le\u00f3n, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184999862"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Automation Control, University of Salamanca, Plaza de los Ca\u00eddos, Salamanca, 37008, Castilla y Le\u00f3n, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184999862"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088508377","display_name":"Ricardo S. Alonso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6599-0186"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168974976","display_name":"Universidad de La Rioja","ror":"https://ror.org/0553yr311","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168974976"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113112","display_name":"Technological Institute of Castilla y Le\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/01f3b0g09","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113112"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ricardo S. Alonso","raw_affiliation_strings":["AIR Institute, Carr. de la Aldehuela, Zamora, 49022, Castilla y Le\u00f3n, Spain","International University of La Rioja, Av. de la Paz, Logro\u00f1o, 26006, La Rioja, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6599-0186","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AIR Institute, Carr. de la Aldehuela, Zamora, 49022, Castilla y Le\u00f3n, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113112"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International University of La Rioja, Av. de la Paz, Logro\u00f1o, 26006, La Rioja, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168974976"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5116423877"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184999862"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83052735,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.2053000032901764,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.2053000032901764,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.14550000429153442,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.07199999690055847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.7150999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.6270999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.5062999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-subspace","display_name":"Linear subspace","score":0.4810999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4641999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.4560000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel-method","display_name":"Kernel method","score":0.4104999899864197}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.7150999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.6270999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5914999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.5062999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12362212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728435","display_name":"Linear subspace","level":2,"score":0.4810999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4641999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.4560000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45500001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4171999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122280245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620622","display_name":"Kernel method","level":3,"score":0.4104999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15706264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230883","display_name":"Quantum state","level":3,"score":0.3589000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121040770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215675","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","level":3,"score":0.3422999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.32589998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3249000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.29030001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.2824000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.2644999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.26170000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.25850000977516174}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s42484-026-00412-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42484-026-00412-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42484-026-00412-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210217596","display_name":"Quantum Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"2524-4906","issn":["2524-4906","2524-4914"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s42484-026-00412-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42484-026-00412-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42484-026-00412-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210217596","display_name":"Quantum Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"2524-4906","issn":["2524-4906","2524-4914"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.48253318667411804,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2765202425","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021-2027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328269","display_name":"Universidad de Salamanca","ror":"https://ror.org/02f40zc51"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328351","display_name":"Junta de Castilla y Le\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/02s8dab97"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7166696212.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7166696212.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W212428657","https://openalex.org/W1986205218","https://openalex.org/W2139212933","https://openalex.org/W2154558852","https://openalex.org/W2155883880","https://openalex.org/W2557515658","https://openalex.org/W2781738013","https://openalex.org/W2792946961","https://openalex.org/W2794444783","https://openalex.org/W2798434869","https://openalex.org/W2903221501","https://openalex.org/W2979323854","https://openalex.org/W3090365491","https://openalex.org/W3096052452","https://openalex.org/W3118800713","https://openalex.org/W3136233239","https://openalex.org/W3162033670","https://openalex.org/W3207479555","https://openalex.org/W3210664501","https://openalex.org/W4327713021","https://openalex.org/W4387448605","https://openalex.org/W4389956218","https://openalex.org/W4394939094","https://openalex.org/W4396906306","https://openalex.org/W4399770418","https://openalex.org/W4403106749","https://openalex.org/W4403542022","https://openalex.org/W4408847956"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Distributed":[1],"Denial-of-Service":[2],"(DDoS)":[3],"attacks":[4],"remain":[5],"one":[6],"of":[7,33,50,126],"the":[8,28,47,51,100,121],"most":[9],"critical":[10],"threats":[11],"to":[12,80],"modern":[13],"cybersecurity.":[14],"While":[15],"machine":[16],"learning":[17],"techniques":[18],"have":[19],"proven":[20],"effective":[21],"for":[22,103,123],"detection,":[23],"classical":[24],"approaches":[25],"struggle":[26],"with":[27],"growing":[29],"complexity":[30],"and":[31,90],"scale":[32],"these":[34],"attacks.":[35],"Quantum":[36],"computing,":[37],"particularly":[38],"quantum":[39,72,127],"kernel":[40,73,77,111],"methods,":[41],"offers":[42],"a":[43,54,70],"promising":[44],"alternative;":[45],"however,":[46],"current":[48],"state":[49],"art":[52],"faces":[53],"major":[55],"challenge:":[56],"vanishing":[57,82],"similarity,":[58],"which":[59],"severely":[60],"limits":[61],"model":[62],"expressiveness":[63],"in":[64,87,116],"high-dimensional":[65,117],"spaces.":[66],"This":[67],"work":[68],"introduces":[69],"novel":[71],"inspired":[74],"by":[75,84],"multiple":[76],"learning,":[78],"designed":[79],"mitigate":[81],"similarity":[83],"constructing":[85],"kernels":[86],"reduced-dimensional":[88],"subspaces":[89],"combining":[91],"them":[92],"through":[93],"averaging.":[94],"The":[95,109],"methodology":[96],"is":[97],"validated":[98],"on":[99],"Canadian":[101],"Institute":[102],"Cybersecurity":[104],"dataset":[105],"(NTP-based":[106],"DDoS":[107],"attacks).":[108],"proposed":[110],"effectively":[112],"preserves":[113],"classification":[114],"capability":[115],"feature":[118],"spaces,":[119],"paving":[120],"way":[122],"practical":[124],"applications":[125],"kernels.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2026-07-01T00:00:00"}
