{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7164045536","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42484-026-00400-w","title":"Triple-layer quantum defense: Quantum communication, sensing, and ML detection for power grid AGC security","display_name":"Triple-layer quantum defense: Quantum communication, sensing, and ML detection for power grid AGC security","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7164045536","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42484-026-00400-w"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s42484-026-00400-w","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42484-026-00400-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210217596","display_name":"Quantum Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"2524-4906","issn":["2524-4906","2524-4914"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089225436","display_name":"Andrew Nader","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9539-0225"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47099075","display_name":"Hydro-Qu\u00e9bec","ror":"https://ror.org/01nhzsw25","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47099075"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Nader","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hydro-Quebec Research Institute (IREQ), 1800 Bd Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, J3X 1S1, QC, Canada","The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King\u2019s College Road, Room SFB600, Toronto, M5S 3G4, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5157-2303","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hydro-Quebec Research Institute (IREQ), 1800 Bd Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, J3X 1S1, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47099075"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King\u2019s College Road, Room SFB600, Toronto, M5S 3G4, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080074776","display_name":"Taha Hammadia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3782-9682"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47099075","display_name":"Hydro-Qu\u00e9bec","ror":"https://ror.org/01nhzsw25","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47099075"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Taha Hammadia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hydro-Quebec Research Institute (IREQ), 1800 Bd Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, J3X 1S1, QC, Canada","The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King\u2019s College Road, Room SFB600, Toronto, M5S 3G4, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3782-9682","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hydro-Quebec Research Institute (IREQ), 1800 Bd Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, J3X 1S1, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47099075"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King\u2019s College Road, Room SFB600, Toronto, M5S 3G4, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044489791","display_name":"Danial Jafarigiv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5801-9877"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47099075","display_name":"Hydro-Qu\u00e9bec","ror":"https://ror.org/01nhzsw25","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47099075"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danial Jafarigiv","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hydro-Quebec Research Institute (IREQ), 1800 Bd Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, J3X 1S1, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5801-9877","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hydro-Quebec Research Institute (IREQ), 1800 Bd Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, J3X 1S1, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47099075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075761726","display_name":"Marthe Kassouf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3007-2350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47099075","display_name":"Hydro-Qu\u00e9bec","ror":"https://ror.org/01nhzsw25","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47099075"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marthe Kassouf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hydro-Quebec Research Institute (IREQ), 1800 Bd Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, J3X 1S1, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3007-2350","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hydro-Quebec Research Institute (IREQ), 1800 Bd Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, J3X 1S1, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47099075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138228887","display_name":"Deepa Kundur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5999-1847"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deepa Kundur","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King\u2019s College Road, Room SFB600, Toronto, M5S 3G4, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5999-1847","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King\u2019s College Road, Room SFB600, Toronto, M5S 3G4, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055330340","display_name":"Mohsen Khalaf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3414-9319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91041137","display_name":"Assiut University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jaj8n65","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91041137"]}],"countries":["CA","EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohsen Khalaf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt","The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King\u2019s College Road, Room SFB600, Toronto, M5S 3G4, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3414-9319","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91041137"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King\u2019s College Road, Room SFB600, Toronto, M5S 3G4, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080074776"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750","https://openalex.org/I47099075"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64488775,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.8507999777793884,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.8507999777793884,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.02669999934732914,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.015699999406933784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-entanglement","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","score":0.4666000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-network","display_name":"Quantum network","score":0.4618000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.413100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-cryptography","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","score":0.41119998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-teleportation","display_name":"Quantum teleportation","score":0.4101000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-technology","display_name":"Quantum technology","score":0.3792000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-sensor","display_name":"Quantum sensor","score":0.3684999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-information-science","display_name":"Quantum information science","score":0.35749998688697815}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7132999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121040770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215675","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","level":3,"score":0.4666000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186468114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836478","display_name":"Quantum network","level":4,"score":0.4618000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.413100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144901912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471906","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.41119998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91717678","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1135332","display_name":"Quantum teleportation","level":5,"score":0.4101000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190463098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2081419","display_name":"Quantum technology","level":4,"score":0.3792000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89143813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105423","display_name":"Quantum sensor","level":5,"score":0.3684999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3580000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5320026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122216","display_name":"Quantum information science","level":4,"score":0.35749998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.33880001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.33719998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.32350000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187486625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122176","display_name":"Quantum channel","level":4,"score":0.3176000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154255573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204043","display_name":"Teleportation","level":5,"score":0.3127000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.3125999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.3057999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.2955000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15706264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230883","display_name":"Quantum state","level":3,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.25760000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.2551000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s42484-026-00400-w","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42484-026-00400-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210217596","display_name":"Quantum Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"2524-4906","issn":["2524-4906","2524-4914"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322675","display_name":"Mitacs","ror":"https://ror.org/00cjrc276"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1562369860","https://openalex.org/W1657394472","https://openalex.org/W1965892610","https://openalex.org/W1978553093","https://openalex.org/W1993122650","https://openalex.org/W1994956743","https://openalex.org/W2008924194","https://openalex.org/W2029658458","https://openalex.org/W2051051926","https://openalex.org/W2115472369","https://openalex.org/W2133356954","https://openalex.org/W2144288136","https://openalex.org/W2593244526","https://openalex.org/W2799059726","https://openalex.org/W2945343201","https://openalex.org/W2972810968","https://openalex.org/W2993051973","https://openalex.org/W3006823398","https://openalex.org/W3022385027","https://openalex.org/W3023478445","https://openalex.org/W3037447387","https://openalex.org/W3102581868","https://openalex.org/W3119595883","https://openalex.org/W3188872815","https://openalex.org/W3189344040","https://openalex.org/W3200196715","https://openalex.org/W4225993797","https://openalex.org/W4286630461","https://openalex.org/W4288077890","https://openalex.org/W4313537124","https://openalex.org/W4323644127","https://openalex.org/W4389990376","https://openalex.org/W4390971856","https://openalex.org/W4403277758","https://openalex.org/W4404758043","https://openalex.org/W4406233434","https://openalex.org/W4410204426","https://openalex.org/W4413139589","https://openalex.org/W7118091732","https://openalex.org/W7119156152"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2026-06-10T00:00:00"}
