{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131633167","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41666-026-00232-0","title":"A Hybrid Language Framework for Ontology-Based Clinical Concept Extraction","display_name":"A Hybrid Language Framework for Ontology-Based Clinical Concept Extraction","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131633167","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41666-026-00232-0","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42110658"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41666-026-00232-0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41666-026-00232-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210196546","display_name":"Journal of Healthcare Informatics Research","issn_l":"2509-4971","issn":["2509-4971","2509-498X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Healthcare Informatics Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13156335/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053644106","display_name":"Behnaz Eslami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7205-1331"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1925986","display_name":"Loyola University Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6x2g63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Behnaz Eslami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60626 USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7205-1331","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60626 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054031099","display_name":"Dmitriy Dligach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2585-2707"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1925986","display_name":"Loyola University Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6x2g63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dmitriy Dligach","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60626 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60626 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117730371","display_name":"Nazanin Azarvash","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4110-1505"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1925986","display_name":"Loyola University Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6x2g63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nazanin Azarvash","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053861082","display_name":"Paula de la Pe\u00f1a","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9083-0136"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1925986","display_name":"Loyola University Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6x2g63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paula de la Pena","raw_affiliation_strings":["Marcella Niehoff School of Nursing, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Marcella Niehoff School of Nursing, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Benjamin Strickland","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087073","display_name":"Midwest Institute for Minimally Invasive Therapies","ror":"https://ror.org/00108f448","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087073"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Strickland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nephrology Associates of Northern Illinois and Indiana, Melrose Park, IL USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nephrology Associates of Northern Illinois and Indiana, Melrose Park, IL USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087073"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003761055","display_name":"Samie Tootooni","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1925986","display_name":"Loyola University Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6x2g63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Samie Tootooni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Informatics and Data Science, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60153 USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7235-4914","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Informatics and Data Science, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60153 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003761055"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"],"apc_list":{"value":2490,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3090},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.29396464,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"2","first_page":"299","last_page":"316"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.375,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.375,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.32420000433921814,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.20340000092983246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snomed-ct","display_name":"SNOMED CT","score":0.6292999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.42730000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-extraction","display_name":"Information extraction","score":0.424699991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relationship-extraction","display_name":"Relationship extraction","score":0.4235000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unified-medical-language-system","display_name":"Unified Medical Language System","score":0.4016000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.3955000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.3644999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/named-entity-recognition","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","score":0.35359999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.34540000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-similarity","display_name":"Semantic similarity","score":0.3407999873161316}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.7124999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6363000273704529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206497026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1753883","display_name":"SNOMED CT","level":3,"score":0.6292999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.42730000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195807954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662562","display_name":"Information extraction","level":2,"score":0.424699991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153604712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310755","display_name":"Relationship extraction","level":3,"score":0.4235000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69505689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q455338","display_name":"Unified Medical Language System","level":2,"score":0.4016000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3982999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3955000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.3644999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779135771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q403574","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","level":3,"score":0.35359999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.34540000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130318100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2268914","display_name":"Semantic similarity","level":2,"score":0.3407999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778828372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283209","display_name":"Distributional semantics","level":3,"score":0.335099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.33410000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777462759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18395344","display_name":"Word embedding","level":3,"score":0.32820001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3203999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.3199000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148524875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6975395","display_name":"F1 score","level":2,"score":0.3109000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25810664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44325","display_name":"Ontology","level":2,"score":0.305400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547195049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1725664","display_name":"Terminology","level":2,"score":0.2904999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.2856000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.2833000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.2754000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110903229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449064","display_name":"Semantic integration","level":4,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.25859999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4554734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593744","display_name":"Knowledge base","level":2,"score":0.2574000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.25459998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.25}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41666-026-00232-0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41666-026-00232-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210196546","display_name":"Journal of Healthcare Informatics Research","issn_l":"2509-4971","issn":["2509-4971","2509-498X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Healthcare Informatics Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42110658","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42110658","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of healthcare informatics research","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13156335","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13156335/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Healthc Inform Res","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ecommons.luc.edu:cs_facpubs-1428","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ecommons.luc.edu/cs_facpubs/428","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196418","display_name":"Loyola eCommons (Loyola University Chicago)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1925986","host_organization_name":"Loyola University Chicago","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computer Science: Faculty Publications and Other Works","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13156335","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13156335/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Healthc Inform Res","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2022077643","https://openalex.org/W2107435951","https://openalex.org/W2114039834","https://openalex.org/W2122402213","https://openalex.org/W2146089916","https://openalex.org/W2156997379","https://openalex.org/W2159583324","https://openalex.org/W2396881363","https://openalex.org/W2604854480","https://openalex.org/W2769851464","https://openalex.org/W2915623326","https://openalex.org/W2949176808","https://openalex.org/W2955483668","https://openalex.org/W2970641574","https://openalex.org/W3048179169","https://openalex.org/W3109405655","https://openalex.org/W3145725122","https://openalex.org/W3206589498","https://openalex.org/W4210491535","https://openalex.org/W4306247389","https://openalex.org/W4316041281","https://openalex.org/W4362603438","https://openalex.org/W4385458265","https://openalex.org/W4391292768","https://openalex.org/W4391635987","https://openalex.org/W4391809309","https://openalex.org/W4394782456","https://openalex.org/W4395052272","https://openalex.org/W4396895867","https://openalex.org/W4398221084","https://openalex.org/W4401386758","https://openalex.org/W4407207431","https://openalex.org/W4408108874","https://openalex.org/W4411232472"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-29T09:21:14.243279","created_date":"2026-02-27T00:00:00"}