{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416870770","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41666-025-00218-4","title":"Susceptibility of Large Language Models to User-Driven Factors in Medical Queries","display_name":"Susceptibility of Large Language Models to User-Driven Factors in Medical Queries","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416870770","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41666-025-00218-4","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42110657"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41666-025-00218-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41666-025-00218-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41666-025-00218-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210196546","display_name":"Journal of Healthcare Informatics Research","issn_l":"2509-4971","issn":["2509-4971","2509-498X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Healthcare Informatics Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41666-025-00218-4.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042827333","display_name":"Kyung Ho Lim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyung Ho Lim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea","Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ujin Kang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ujin Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100330993","display_name":"Xiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5471-1236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087915","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Advanced Medical Computing and Analysis, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Advanced Medical Computing and Analysis, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100706226","display_name":"Jin Sung Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1415-6471"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120608","display_name":"Seoil University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wf22864","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120608"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Sung Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea","Institute for Innovation in Digital Healthcare, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea","Oncosoft Inc., 37 Myeongmul-gil, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03776 Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Innovation in Digital Healthcare, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oncosoft Inc., 37 Myeongmul-gil, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03776 Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120608"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062210305","display_name":"Young\u2010Chul Jung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0578-2510"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Young-Chul Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea","Institute for Innovation in Digital Healthcare, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea","Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Innovation in Digital Healthcare, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057920247","display_name":"Sang Joon Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9223-3172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sangjoon Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea","Institute for Innovation in Digital Healthcare, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9223-3172","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Innovation in Digital Healthcare, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101447887","display_name":"Byung-Hoon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2501-038X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Byung-Hoon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea","Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea","Institute for Innovation in Digital Healthcare, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea","Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2501-038X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Innovation in Digital Healthcare, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057920247","https://openalex.org/A5101447887"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"],"apc_list":{"value":2490,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3090},"apc_paid":{"value":2490,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3090},"fwci":0.4372,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74237009,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"2","first_page":"498","last_page":"522"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.7742000222206116,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.7742000222206116,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.11729999631643295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.01730000041425228,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/misinformation","display_name":"Misinformation","score":0.7135000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/framing","display_name":"Framing (construction)","score":0.4925999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.3939000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.3765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vignette","display_name":"Vignette","score":0.3732999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.32100000977516174}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776990098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13579947","display_name":"Misinformation","level":2,"score":0.7135000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169087156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2131593","display_name":"Framing (construction)","level":2,"score":0.4925999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.3939000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.38690000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.3765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9719361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7928967","display_name":"Vignette","level":2,"score":0.3732999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778080475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4353774","display_name":"Health communication","level":2,"score":0.3131999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.29980000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.289900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2863999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778143727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820650","display_name":"Readability","level":2,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41666-025-00218-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41666-025-00218-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41666-025-00218-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210196546","display_name":"Journal of Healthcare Informatics Research","issn_l":"2509-4971","issn":["2509-4971","2509-498X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Healthcare Informatics Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42110657","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42110657","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of healthcare informatics research","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13156382","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13156382/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Healthc Inform Res","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41666-025-00218-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41666-025-00218-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41666-025-00218-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210196546","display_name":"Journal of Healthcare Informatics Research","issn_l":"2509-4971","issn":["2509-4971","2509-498X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Healthcare Informatics Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321314","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335295","display_name":"Yonsei University College of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416870770.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416870770.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2019031219","https://openalex.org/W2127063197","https://openalex.org/W3162922479","https://openalex.org/W4313197536","https://openalex.org/W4327810158","https://openalex.org/W4376167181","https://openalex.org/W4387500346","https://openalex.org/W4387892166","https://openalex.org/W4388022708","https://openalex.org/W4388717471","https://openalex.org/W4391835702","https://openalex.org/W4391914972","https://openalex.org/W4392193048","https://openalex.org/W4394782456","https://openalex.org/W4395052272","https://openalex.org/W4395443770","https://openalex.org/W4396653486","https://openalex.org/W4399807068","https://openalex.org/W4400024734","https://openalex.org/W4401386758","https://openalex.org/W4402531372","https://openalex.org/W4402692877","https://openalex.org/W4402765248","https://openalex.org/W4403229099","https://openalex.org/W4403601954","https://openalex.org/W4403749437","https://openalex.org/W4403880728","https://openalex.org/W4404378545","https://openalex.org/W4404664705","https://openalex.org/W4404795474","https://openalex.org/W4405253660","https://openalex.org/W4406152279","https://openalex.org/W4406658975","https://openalex.org/W4411119840"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1],"models":[2,153,179],"(LLMs)":[3],"are":[4,24,205],"increasingly":[5],"used":[6,125],"in":[7,131],"healthcare;":[8],"however,":[9],"their":[10],"reliability":[11,56],"is":[12],"shaped":[13],"not":[14],"only":[15],"by":[16,21],"model":[17,43],"design":[18],"but":[19,184],"also":[20],"how":[22,27,35],"queries":[23],"phrased":[25],"and":[26,45,55,66,86,91,114,170,200,216,225],"complete":[28,202,219],"the":[29,52,132,147,163,174,230,240],"information":[30],"is.":[31],"This":[32],"study":[33,236],"assesses":[34],"user-driven":[36,140,233],"factors,":[37],"including":[38],"misinformation":[39,80,214],"framing,":[40],"source":[41,81],"authority,":[42],"personas,":[44],"omission":[46],"of":[47,57,94,232,243],"critical":[48],"clinical":[49,96,203,220],"details,":[50],"influence":[51],"diagnostic":[53],"accuracy":[54,176,183],"LLM-generated":[58],"medical":[59],"responses.":[60,209],"Utilizing":[61],"two":[62,70],"public":[63],"datasets":[64],"(MedQA":[65],"Medbullets),":[67],"we":[68],"conducted":[69],"tests:":[71],"(1)":[72],"perturbation-evaluating":[73],"LLM":[74],"persona":[75],"(assistant":[76],"vs.":[77,84,89],"expert":[78],"AI),":[79],"authority":[82],"(inexperienced":[83],"expert),":[85],"tone":[87,145],"(assertive":[88],"hedged);":[90],"(2)":[92],"ablation-omission":[93],"key":[95],"data.":[97],"Proprietary":[98,178],"LLMs":[99,116,136,244],"(GPT-4o":[100],"(OpenAI),":[101],"Claude-3\u00b75":[102,105],"Sonnet":[103],"(Anthropic),":[104,107],"Haiku":[106],"Gemini-1\u00b75":[108,111],"Pro":[109],"(Google),":[110],"Flash":[112],"(Google))":[113],"open-source":[115],"(LLaMA-3":[117],"8B,":[118,121],"LLaMA-3":[119],"Med42":[120],"DeepSeek-R1":[122],"8B)":[123],"were":[124,137,154],"for":[126,207,223],"evaluation.":[127],"Results":[128],"show":[129],"that":[130,197],"perturbation":[133],"test,":[134,165],"all":[135],"susceptible":[138],"to":[139,157,239],"misinformation,":[141],"with":[142],"an":[143],"assertive":[144],"exerting":[146],"strongest":[148],"overall":[149],"impact,":[150],"while":[151],"proprietary":[152],"more":[155],"vulnerable":[156],"strong":[158],"or":[159,191],"authoritative":[160,213],"misinformation.":[161],"In":[162],"ablation":[164],"omitting":[166],"physical":[167],"examination":[168],"findings":[169,195],"laboratory":[171],"results":[172],"caused":[173],"largest":[175],"decline.":[177],"achieved":[180],"higher":[181],"baseline":[182],"demonstrated":[185],"sharper":[186],"performance":[187],"drops":[188],"under":[189],"biased":[190],"incomplete":[192],"input.":[193],"These":[194],"highlight":[196],"structured":[198],"prompts":[199],"a":[201,218],"context":[204],"essential":[206],"accurate":[208],"Users":[210],"should":[211],"avoid":[212],"framing":[215],"provide":[217],"context,":[221],"especially":[222],"complex":[224],"challenging":[226],"queries.":[227],"By":[228],"clarifying":[229],"impact":[231],"biases,":[234],"this":[235],"contributes":[237],"insights":[238],"safe":[241],"integration":[242],"into":[245],"healthcare":[246],"practice.":[247],"Supplementary":[248],"Information:":[249],"The":[250],"online":[251],"version":[252],"contains":[253],"supplementary":[254],"material":[255],"available":[256],"at":[257],"10.1007/s41666-025-00218-4.":[258]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T06:13:01.061226","created_date":"2025-12-01T00:00:00"}
