{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412698017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41666-025-00207-7","title":"Smarter Together: Combining Large Language Models and Small Models for Physiological Signals Visual Inspection","display_name":"Smarter Together: Combining Large Language Models and Small Models for Physiological Signals Visual Inspection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412698017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41666-025-00207-7","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41230240"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41666-025-00207-7","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41666-025-00207-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210196546","display_name":"Journal of Healthcare Informatics Research","issn_l":"2509-4971","issn":["2509-4971","2509-498X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Healthcare Informatics Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100721211","display_name":"Huayu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6917-1666"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Huayu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102646991","display_name":"Zhengxiao He","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengxiao He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100657345","display_name":"Xiwen Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0170-4459"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiwen Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC USA","School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108998258","display_name":"Ci Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ci Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA","School of Computing, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063076862","display_name":"Stuart F. Quan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9474-7679"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283280774","display_name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6nzv94","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138174","display_name":"Circadian (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03rqvr941","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138174"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stuart F. Quan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA","Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA","Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA","Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I4210138174"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081762691","display_name":"William D. S. Killgore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5328-0208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William D. S. Killgore","raw_affiliation_strings":["BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA","Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA","BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108139576","display_name":"Shu-Fen Wung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shu-Fen Wung","raw_affiliation_strings":["BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA","College of Nursing, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA","College of Nursing, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Nursing, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Nursing, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015246986","display_name":"Chen X. Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen X. Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Nursing, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA","College of Nursing, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Nursing, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Nursing, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007300551","display_name":"Geng Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9844-992X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geng Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA","School of Computing, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100606222","display_name":"Jin\u2010Jian Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6703-3120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA","School of Computing, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100359740","display_name":"Ao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7382-0179"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA","BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100721211"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"],"apc_list":{"value":2490,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3090},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.4131,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96271802,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"4","first_page":"656","last_page":"685"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.4309999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.4309999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.25130000710487366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13248","display_name":"Healthcare Technology and Patient Monitoring","score":0.06019999831914902,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5771511793136597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.41222697496414185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40508994460105896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.32116177678108215}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5771511793136597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.41222697496414185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40508994460105896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.32116177678108215}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41666-025-00207-7","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41666-025-00207-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210196546","display_name":"Journal of Healthcare Informatics Research","issn_l":"2509-4971","issn":["2509-4971","2509-498X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Healthcare Informatics Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41230240","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41230240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of healthcare informatics research","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6299999952316284,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1499689786","https://openalex.org/W2043596210","https://openalex.org/W2057978375","https://openalex.org/W2110119381","https://openalex.org/W2111051539","https://openalex.org/W2144691514","https://openalex.org/W2152109906","https://openalex.org/W2163462953","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2625625371","https://openalex.org/W2888598199","https://openalex.org/W2964010366","https://openalex.org/W2972810968","https://openalex.org/W3027572331","https://openalex.org/W3034033080","https://openalex.org/W3083891030","https://openalex.org/W3104523752","https://openalex.org/W3158818505","https://openalex.org/W4312294904","https://openalex.org/W4319062614","https://openalex.org/W4380490520","https://openalex.org/W4382632406","https://openalex.org/W4386836424","https://openalex.org/W4389165660","https://openalex.org/W4390746745","https://openalex.org/W4392449689","https://openalex.org/W4392858472","https://openalex.org/W4398153407","https://openalex.org/W4398160862","https://openalex.org/W4401122476","https://openalex.org/W4404342019","https://openalex.org/W6600031136","https://openalex.org/W6600339963","https://openalex.org/W6725691903","https://openalex.org/W6840334356","https://openalex.org/W6850707318"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W3204019825"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-29T09:16:38.111599","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}