{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4320881109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41635-022-00130-y","title":"FPGA Design Deobfuscation by Iterative LUT Modification at Bitstream Level","display_name":"FPGA Design Deobfuscation by Iterative LUT Modification at Bitstream Level","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4320881109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41635-022-00130-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41635-022-00130-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41635-022-00130-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41635-022-00130-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175245","display_name":"Journal of Hardware and Systems Security","issn_l":"2509-3428","issn":["2509-3428","2509-3436"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Hardware and Systems Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41635-022-00130-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087700053","display_name":"Michail Moraitis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0278-5986"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michail Moraitis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Electrum 229, Stockholm, 196 40, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0278-5986","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Electrum 229, Stockholm, 196 40, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011438358","display_name":"Elena Dubrova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7382-9408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elena Dubrova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Electrum 229, Stockholm, 196 40, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Electrum 229, Stockholm, 196 40, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087700053"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":1.5904,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81080207,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"11","last_page":"24"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9657999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.8619794845581055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bitstream","display_name":"Bitstream","score":0.8292056322097778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7574812769889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/netlist","display_name":"Netlist","score":0.7418406009674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.6321477890014648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lookup-table","display_name":"Lookup table","score":0.5406827926635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obfuscation","display_name":"Obfuscation","score":0.46876996755599976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.4157547950744629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.41550785303115845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2260264754295349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.14833658933639526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.09717655181884766}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.8619794845581055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136695289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415568","display_name":"Bitstream","level":3,"score":0.8292056322097778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7574812769889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177650935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1760303","display_name":"Netlist","level":2,"score":0.7418406009674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.6321477890014648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134835016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690265","display_name":"Lookup table","level":2,"score":0.5406827926635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.46876996755599976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4157547950744629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.41550785303115845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2260264754295349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.14833658933639526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09717655181884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41635-022-00130-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41635-022-00130-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41635-022-00130-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175245","display_name":"Journal of Hardware and Systems Security","issn_l":"2509-3428","issn":["2509-3428","2509-3436"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Hardware and Systems Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41635-022-00130-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41635-022-00130-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41635-022-00130-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175245","display_name":"Journal of Hardware and Systems Security","issn_l":"2509-3428","issn":["2509-3428","2509-3436"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Hardware and Systems Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8271627792","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021-02426","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321030","funder_display_name":"VINNOVA"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321030","display_name":"VINNOVA","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd5m353"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322509","display_name":"Kungliga Tekniska H\u00f6gskolan","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4320881109.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W833117353","https://openalex.org/W1509414247","https://openalex.org/W1591895441","https://openalex.org/W1975607764","https://openalex.org/W1997144957","https://openalex.org/W2002975951","https://openalex.org/W2005006301","https://openalex.org/W2008819052","https://openalex.org/W2012725064","https://openalex.org/W2021705882","https://openalex.org/W2042778609","https://openalex.org/W2043120294","https://openalex.org/W2058559153","https://openalex.org/W2063615695","https://openalex.org/W2069560114","https://openalex.org/W2083314129","https://openalex.org/W2099105559","https://openalex.org/W2105733530","https://openalex.org/W2112965713","https://openalex.org/W2127992996","https://openalex.org/W2128496560","https://openalex.org/W2135211381","https://openalex.org/W2135414548","https://openalex.org/W2140132043","https://openalex.org/W2156745149","https://openalex.org/W2165370339","https://openalex.org/W2171546918","https://openalex.org/W2411326260","https://openalex.org/W2426572037","https://openalex.org/W2478604032","https://openalex.org/W2570260769","https://openalex.org/W2588369819","https://openalex.org/W2608668000","https://openalex.org/W2754409419","https://openalex.org/W2757400610","https://openalex.org/W2766071343","https://openalex.org/W2908792756","https://openalex.org/W2915743430","https://openalex.org/W2949797438","https://openalex.org/W2977663466","https://openalex.org/W2982042968","https://openalex.org/W2990238172","https://openalex.org/W3008388281","https://openalex.org/W3014400029","https://openalex.org/W3016064750","https://openalex.org/W3025090175","https://openalex.org/W3036522585","https://openalex.org/W3106531880","https://openalex.org/W3116341780","https://openalex.org/W3131503582","https://openalex.org/W4231363479","https://openalex.org/W4241352338","https://openalex.org/W4253091331","https://openalex.org/W4280590166","https://openalex.org/W4281666926","https://openalex.org/W4283751350","https://openalex.org/W4288100545","https://openalex.org/W4289038676"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3127435654","https://openalex.org/W2919561762","https://openalex.org/W4394766506","https://openalex.org/W3009852985","https://openalex.org/W3202607186","https://openalex.org/W3193983765","https://openalex.org/W4287023151","https://openalex.org/W3193821359","https://openalex.org/W3217774925","https://openalex.org/W1603048359"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Hardware":[1],"obfuscation":[2,13],"is":[3,44,89],"a":[4,18,81,102],"well-known":[5],"countermeasure":[6],"against":[7],"reverse":[8],"engineering.":[9],"For":[10],"FPGA":[11,50],"designs,":[12],"can":[14],"be":[15],"implemented":[16,100],"with":[17],"small":[19],"overhead":[20],"by":[21,52],"using":[22],"underutilised":[23],"logic":[24],"cells;":[25],"however,":[26],"its":[27],"effectiveness":[28],"depends":[29],"on":[30,72,91,101],"the":[31,34,54,78,92],"stealthiness":[32],"of":[33,57,80,86,94],"added":[35],"redundancy.":[36],"In":[37],"this":[38],"paper,":[39],"we":[40],"show":[41],"that":[42],"it":[43],"possible":[45],"to":[46],"deobfuscate":[47],"an":[48,95],"SRAM":[49],"design":[51,99],"ensuring":[53],"full":[55],"controllability":[56],"each":[58],"instantiated":[59],"look-up":[60],"table":[61],"input":[62],"via":[63],"iterative":[64],"bitstream":[65,73],"modification.":[66],"The":[67,84],"presented":[68],"algorithm":[69],"works":[70],"directly":[71],"and":[74],"does":[75],"not":[76],"require":[77],"possession":[79],"flattened":[82],"netlist.":[83],"feasibility":[85],"our":[87],"approach":[88],"verified":[90],"example":[93],"obfuscated":[96],"SNOW":[97],"3G":[98],"Xilinx":[103],"7-series":[104],"FPGA.":[105]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T06:13:01.061226","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}