{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124470991","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41109-025-00767-y","title":"ERC-1155 under the lens: a graph-based analysis of the Ethereum multi-token standard","display_name":"ERC-1155 under the lens: a graph-based analysis of the Ethereum multi-token standard","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124470991","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41109-025-00767-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41109-025-00767-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41109-025-00767-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035517252","display_name":"Applied Network Science","issn_l":"2364-8228","issn":["2364-8228"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Network Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41109-025-00767-y","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042451868","display_name":"Matteo Loporchio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9806-6475"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Matteo Loporchio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo, 56127, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo, 56127, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004602130","display_name":"Damiano Di Francesco Maesa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1286-0596"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Damiano Di Francesco Maesa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo, 56127, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo, 56127, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123231756","display_name":"Anna Bernasconi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Bernasconi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo, 56127, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo, 56127, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015647058","display_name":"Laura Ricci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8179-8215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura Ricci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo, 56127, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo, 56127, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042451868"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"apc_list":{"value":790,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":969},"apc_paid":{"value":790,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":969},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06324873,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9807999730110168,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9807999730110168,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11437","display_name":"Digital Platforms and Economics","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14347","display_name":"Big Data and Digital Economy","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.9031999707221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.7081999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.6093999743461609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer","display_name":"Transfer (computing)","score":0.5128999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degree-distribution","display_name":"Degree distribution","score":0.4081999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","score":0.400299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/token-economy","display_name":"Token economy","score":0.3896999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preferential-attachment","display_name":"Preferential attachment","score":0.38960000872612}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.9031999707221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.7081999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.6093999743461609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776175482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195816","display_name":"Transfer (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5128999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4092000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87414783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1002603","display_name":"Degree distribution","level":3,"score":0.4081999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.400299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155076860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1932004","display_name":"Token economy","level":3,"score":0.3896999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780600066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239828","display_name":"Preferential attachment","level":3,"score":0.38960000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98965940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877496","display_name":"Transaction cost","level":2,"score":0.3709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34947359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q665189","display_name":"Complex network","level":2,"score":0.3646000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72108876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844565","display_name":"Transaction processing","level":3,"score":0.3434000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188045909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3306359","display_name":"Atomicity","level":3,"score":0.33629998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.33500000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.31130000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32946077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618079","display_name":"Network analysis","level":2,"score":0.30880001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23906176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727515","display_name":"Affinity analysis","level":3,"score":0.30239999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.29120001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115067241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1639854","display_name":"Token passing","level":3,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47822265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854457","display_name":"Complex system","level":2,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775997480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q586277","display_name":"Degree (music)","level":2,"score":0.2542000114917755}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41109-025-00767-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41109-025-00767-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035517252","display_name":"Applied Network Science","issn_l":"2364-8228","issn":["2364-8228"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Network Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5e6260c8271144dfb67ed9af02bd53a9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5e6260c8271144dfb67ed9af02bd53a9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Applied Network Science, Vol 11, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41109-025-00767-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41109-025-00767-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035517252","display_name":"Applied Network Science","issn_l":"2364-8228","issn":["2364-8228"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Network Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994727615","https://openalex.org/W2000042664","https://openalex.org/W2013613544","https://openalex.org/W2033193852","https://openalex.org/W2056944867","https://openalex.org/W2796646122","https://openalex.org/W2883343357","https://openalex.org/W2891724828","https://openalex.org/W2940436381","https://openalex.org/W2979783685","https://openalex.org/W2988653659","https://openalex.org/W3000226457","https://openalex.org/W3012561668","https://openalex.org/W3017072639","https://openalex.org/W3124927426","https://openalex.org/W3156476623","https://openalex.org/W3169156335","https://openalex.org/W3209182915","https://openalex.org/W4226427797","https://openalex.org/W4289134187","https://openalex.org/W4316464821","https://openalex.org/W4365420524","https://openalex.org/W4366382535","https://openalex.org/W4382141115","https://openalex.org/W4387169952","https://openalex.org/W4388739362","https://openalex.org/W4389175253","https://openalex.org/W4389726395","https://openalex.org/W4393188189","https://openalex.org/W4396844112","https://openalex.org/W4400235471","https://openalex.org/W4401718264","https://openalex.org/W4402595146","https://openalex.org/W4404542179","https://openalex.org/W4408862174","https://openalex.org/W4409329761","https://openalex.org/W4413243194"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"ERC-1155":[1,55,64,91,133],"standard":[2],"introduced":[3],"on":[4],"the":[5,54,61,68,76,87,109,120,130,148,156,167,182,185],"Ethereum":[6],"blockchain":[7,37],"allows":[8],"for":[9],"managing":[10],"multiple":[11],"tokens,":[12],"both":[13],"fungible":[14],"and":[15,30,43,66,101,162,184],"non-fungible,":[16],"within":[17,127],"a":[18,32,50,94,151,179,189],"single":[19],"contract.":[20],"It":[21],"also":[22,187],"supports":[23],"batch":[24],"transfers,":[25],"thereby":[26],"reducing":[27],"transaction":[28],"costs":[29],"enabling":[31],"more":[33],"efficient":[34],"use":[35],"of":[36,45,53,63,70,75,89,112,122,132,147,181],"resources.":[38],"To":[39],"assess":[40],"its":[41,137],"impact":[42],"level":[44],"adoption,":[46],"this":[47],"paper":[48],"presents":[49],"comprehensive":[51],"analysis":[52,170],"token":[56,81,104],"ecosystem.":[57],"First,":[58],"we":[59,85],"examine":[60],"activity":[62],"contracts":[65],"compare":[67],"evolution":[69],"transfer":[71],"volumes":[72],"with":[73],"those":[74],"two":[77],"alternative":[78],"most":[79],"popular":[80],"management":[82],"standards.":[83],"Next,":[84],"model":[86],"economy":[88],"each":[90],"contract":[92],"as":[93],"directed":[95],"graph,":[96],"where":[97],"nodes":[98],"represent":[99],"users":[100],"edges":[102],"denote":[103],"transfers.":[105],"We":[106],"then":[107],"study":[108],"topological":[110],"properties":[111],"such":[113],"graphs,":[114],"analyzing":[115],"approximately":[116],"40,000":[117],"networks":[118,149,183],"until":[119],"end":[121],"2024.":[123],"Results":[124],"indicate":[125],"that,":[126],"our":[128],"dataset,":[129],"adoption":[131],"is":[134,175],"growing,":[135],"although":[136],"functionalities":[138],"are":[139,159],"not":[140],"being":[141],"fully":[142],"utilized.":[143],"Additionally,":[144],"about":[145],"60%":[146],"exhibit":[150],"completely":[152],"centralized":[153],"topology,":[154],"while":[155],"remaining":[157],"ones":[158],"generally":[160],"sparse":[161],"lack":[163],"small-world":[164],"characteristics.":[165],"Finally,":[166],"degree":[168],"distribution":[169],"shows":[171],"that":[172],"preferential":[173],"attachment":[174],"only":[176],"present":[177],"in":[178],"minority":[180],"graphs":[186],"display":[188],"mild":[190],"disassortative":[191],"behavior.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2026-01-17T00:00:00"}