{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416194702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41109-025-00746-3","title":"Emergence of nestedness in the public internet peering ecosystem","display_name":"Emergence of nestedness in the public internet peering ecosystem","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416194702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41109-025-00746-3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41109-025-00746-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41109-025-00746-3","pdf_url":"https://appliednetsci.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1007/s41109-025-00746-3","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035517252","display_name":"Applied Network Science","issn_l":"2364-8228","issn":["2364-8228"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Network Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://appliednetsci.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1007/s41109-025-00746-3","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061393114","display_name":"Justin Loye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7797-6624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57637010","display_name":"Cabinet Office","ror":"https://ror.org/007f5s288","country_code":"JP","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57637010"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Justin Loye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Laboratory, Internet Initiative Japan, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102-0071, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Laboratory, Internet Initiative Japan, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102-0071, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57637010"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087147434","display_name":"Sandrine Mouysset","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0407-0527"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134560555","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier","ror":"https://ror.org/02v6kpv12","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134560555"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17866349","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Toulouse Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es","ror":"https://ror.org/004raaa70","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17866349"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131550300","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Toulouse-I-Capitole","ror":"https://ror.org/0443n9e75","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131550300"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119061","display_name":"Institut de Recherche en Informatique de Toulouse","ror":"https://ror.org/01rx4qw44","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I205747304","https://openalex.org/I205747304","https://openalex.org/I4210119061","https://openalex.org/I4387153255","https://openalex.org/I4405258862","https://openalex.org/I4405258862"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152422","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Toulouse - Jean Jaur\u00e8s","ror":"https://ror.org/04ezk3x31","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152422","https://openalex.org/I4405258862"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160189","display_name":"Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux","ror":"https://ror.org/054qv7y42","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160189"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandrine Mouysset","raw_affiliation_strings":["IRIT, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse INP, Toulouse, 31000, Occitanie, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRIT, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse INP, Toulouse, 31000, Occitanie, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152422","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I134560555","https://openalex.org/I17866349","https://openalex.org/I4210119061","https://openalex.org/I3131550300","https://openalex.org/I4210160189"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031708889","display_name":"Katia Jaffr\u00e8s\u2010Runser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1851-6131"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134560555","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier","ror":"https://ror.org/02v6kpv12","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134560555"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17866349","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Toulouse Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es","ror":"https://ror.org/004raaa70","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17866349"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131550300","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Toulouse-I-Capitole","ror":"https://ror.org/0443n9e75","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131550300"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119061","display_name":"Institut de Recherche en Informatique de Toulouse","ror":"https://ror.org/01rx4qw44","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I205747304","https://openalex.org/I205747304","https://openalex.org/I4210119061","https://openalex.org/I4387153255","https://openalex.org/I4405258862","https://openalex.org/I4405258862"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152422","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Toulouse - Jean Jaur\u00e8s","ror":"https://ror.org/04ezk3x31","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152422","https://openalex.org/I4405258862"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160189","display_name":"Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux","ror":"https://ror.org/054qv7y42","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160189"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katia Jaffr\u00e8s-Runser","raw_affiliation_strings":["IRIT, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse INP, Toulouse, 31000, Occitanie, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRIT, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse INP, Toulouse, 31000, Occitanie, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152422","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I134560555","https://openalex.org/I17866349","https://openalex.org/I4210119061","https://openalex.org/I3131550300","https://openalex.org/I4210160189"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061393114"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57637010"],"apc_list":{"value":790,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":969},"apc_paid":{"value":790,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":969},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.37020865,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10742","display_name":"Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies","score":0.41179999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10742","display_name":"Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies","score":0.41179999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.3873000144958496,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10847","display_name":"Advanced Optical Network Technologies","score":0.05770000070333481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nestedness","display_name":"Nestedness","score":0.9563000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peering","display_name":"Peering","score":0.7024999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecological-network","display_name":"Ecological network","score":0.5529000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/property","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","score":0.5321999788284302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-dispersal","display_name":"Biological dispersal","score":0.42170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecosystem","display_name":"Ecosystem","score":0.3734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bipartite-graph","display_name":"Bipartite graph","score":0.36399999260902405}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780267512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6997828","display_name":"Nestedness","level":3,"score":0.9563000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95981142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q772532","display_name":"Peering","level":3,"score":0.7024999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36811481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5333246","display_name":"Ecological network","level":3,"score":0.5529000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5321999788284302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.45260000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47559259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778143","display_name":"Biological dispersal","level":3,"score":0.42170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40549999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110872660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37813","display_name":"Ecosystem","level":2,"score":0.3734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197657726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174733","display_name":"Bipartite graph","level":3,"score":0.36399999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.36070001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189569837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954495","display_name":"Metapopulation","level":4,"score":0.34389999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133079900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5155065","display_name":"Community structure","level":2,"score":0.3418999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3176000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.290800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131751744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186368","display_name":"Mutualism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.28380000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137753397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2434424","display_name":"Network science","level":3,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.2621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23976947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193193","display_name":"Tier 1 network","level":3,"score":0.25929999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51274741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1360517","display_name":"Internet backbone","level":4,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.25220000743865967}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41109-025-00746-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41109-025-00746-3","pdf_url":"https://appliednetsci.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1007/s41109-025-00746-3","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035517252","display_name":"Applied Network Science","issn_l":"2364-8228","issn":["2364-8228"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Network Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05501529v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05501529","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Applied Network Science, 2025, 10 (1), pp.56. &#x27E8;10.1007/s41109-025-00746-3&#x27E9;","raw_type":"Journal articles"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b6185f105c3645689173c76ad98ddc9a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b6185f105c3645689173c76ad98ddc9a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Applied Network Science, Vol 10, Iss 1, Pp 1-17 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41109-025-00746-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41109-025-00746-3","pdf_url":"https://appliednetsci.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1007/s41109-025-00746-3","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035517252","display_name":"Applied Network Science","issn_l":"2364-8228","issn":["2364-8228"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Network Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328356","display_name":"R\u00e9gion Occitanie Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es-M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416194702.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416194702.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967385589","https://openalex.org/W1971937094","https://openalex.org/W1985625141","https://openalex.org/W2015706867","https://openalex.org/W2019319336","https://openalex.org/W2044744030","https://openalex.org/W2050805565","https://openalex.org/W2068704438","https://openalex.org/W2073193171","https://openalex.org/W2078754341","https://openalex.org/W2081587701","https://openalex.org/W2088157567","https://openalex.org/W2093976918","https://openalex.org/W2117827382","https://openalex.org/W2127048411","https://openalex.org/W2149925941","https://openalex.org/W2155653793","https://openalex.org/W2159014105","https://openalex.org/W2168793216","https://openalex.org/W2337541920","https://openalex.org/W2571315320","https://openalex.org/W2768685389","https://openalex.org/W2783863067","https://openalex.org/W2892293940","https://openalex.org/W2946021106","https://openalex.org/W2975564490","https://openalex.org/W2982590576","https://openalex.org/W3102963706","https://openalex.org/W3147508287","https://openalex.org/W3187145766"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nestedness":[0],"is":[1,25],"a":[2,65,122,167],"property":[3,90,134],"of":[4,17,23,35,39,61,91,100,118,135,162],"bipartite":[5,123],"complex":[6],"networks":[7],"that":[8,144],"has":[9],"been":[10],"shown":[11],"to":[12,28,150],"characterize":[13],"the":[14,77,88,92,101,132],"peculiar":[15],"structure":[16],"biological":[18,84],"and":[19,74,158],"economical":[20],"networks.":[21],"Emergence":[22],"nestedness":[24,89,133],"commonly":[26],"due":[27],"two":[29,116],"different":[30],"schemes:":[31],"(i)":[32],"mutualistic":[33],"behavior":[34],"nodes,":[36],"where":[37,69,103],"nodes":[38],"each":[40,48],"class":[41,73],"have":[42],"an":[43,97],"advantage":[44],"in":[45,64],"associating":[46],"with":[47,83],"other,":[49],"such":[50],"as":[51],"plant":[52],"pollination":[53],"or":[54],"seed":[55],"dispersal":[56],"networks;":[57],"(ii)":[58],"geographic":[59],"distribution":[60],"species,":[62],"captured":[63],"so-called":[66],"biogeographic":[67],"network":[68],"species":[70],"represent":[71],"one":[72],"geographical":[75],"areas":[76],"other":[78],"one.":[79],"Motivated":[80],"by":[81],"analogies":[82],"networks,":[85],"we":[86,142,145],"study":[87,155],"public":[93],"Internet":[94,102,110],"peering":[95],"ecosystem,":[96],"important":[98],"part":[99],"autonomous":[104],"systems":[105],"(ASes)":[106],"exchange":[107],"traffic":[108],"at":[109],"eXchange":[111],"Points":[112],"(IXPs).":[113],"We":[114,129],"propose":[115],"representations":[117],"this":[119,139],"ecosystem":[120],"using":[121],"graph":[124],"derived":[125],"from":[126],"PeeringDB":[127],"data.":[128],"statistically":[130],"confirm":[131],"both":[136],"graphs.":[137],"From":[138],"unique":[140],"observation,":[141],"show":[143],"can":[146],"use":[147],"node":[148],"metrics":[149],"extract":[151],"new":[152],"key":[153],"ASes,":[154],"IXPs\u2019":[156],"attractiveness":[157],"make":[159],"efficient":[160],"prediction":[161],"newly":[163],"created":[164],"links":[165],"over":[166],"two-year":[168],"period.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-07T13:39:58.223016","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
