{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3131782308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41109-020-00345-4","title":"Spatiotemporal evolution of COVID-19 infection and detection within night light networks: comparative analysis of USA and China","display_name":"Spatiotemporal evolution of COVID-19 infection and detection within night light networks: comparative analysis of USA and China","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3131782308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41109-020-00345-4","mag":"3131782308","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33614901"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41109-020-00345-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41109-020-00345-4","pdf_url":"https://appliednetsci.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1007/s41109-020-00345-4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035517252","display_name":"Applied Network Science","issn_l":"2364-8228","issn":["2364-8228"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Network Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://appliednetsci.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1007/s41109-020-00345-4","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025352897","display_name":"Christopher Small","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9336-7391"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152304114","display_name":"Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2tgs60","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152304114","https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Small","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964 USA","Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9336-7391","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152304114","https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152304114","https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066696545","display_name":"Daniel Sousa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1632-1955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334627681","display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/027k65916","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786","https://openalex.org/I1334627681","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Sousa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA","Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334627681"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334627681"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025352897"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152304114","https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"apc_list":{"value":790,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":969},"apc_paid":{"value":790,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":969},"fwci":1.8047,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83935577,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":"10","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12916","display_name":"COVID-19 impact on air quality","score":0.9602000117301941,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10342","display_name":"Circadian rhythm and melatonin","score":0.9531999826431274,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2807","display_name":"Endocrine and Autonomic Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.6224526166915894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.49856019020080566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visible-infrared-imaging-radiometer-suite","display_name":"Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite","score":0.4670003652572632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.44459420442581177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-distribution","display_name":"Spatial distribution","score":0.42780521512031555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-ecology","display_name":"Spatial ecology","score":0.4128357172012329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.4019867181777954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.24141010642051697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1343788504600525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.10585236549377441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demography","display_name":"Demography","score":0.09711915254592896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.6224526166915894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.49856019020080566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777701342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16948273","display_name":"Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite","level":3,"score":0.4670003652572632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.44459420442581177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777016058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574061","display_name":"Spatial distribution","level":2,"score":0.42780521512031555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158709400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3578586","display_name":"Spatial ecology","level":2,"score":0.4128357172012329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.4019867181777954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.24141010642051697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1343788504600525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.10585236549377441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.09711915254592896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41109-020-00345-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41109-020-00345-4","pdf_url":"https://appliednetsci.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1007/s41109-020-00345-4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035517252","display_name":"Applied Network Science","issn_l":"2364-8228","issn":["2364-8228"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Network Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33614901","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33614901","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied network science","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:372299a773ed45c2ad2f634130a17875","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/372299a773ed45c2ad2f634130a17875","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Applied Network Science, Vol 6, Iss 1, Pp 1-20 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7877336","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7877336","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Appl Netw Sci","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"doi:10.7916/d8-nfq5-xw40","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-nfq5-xw40","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402601","display_name":"Columbia Academic Commons (Columbia University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","host_organization_name":"Columbia University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41109-020-00345-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41109-020-00345-4","pdf_url":"https://appliednetsci.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1007/s41109-020-00345-4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035517252","display_name":"Applied Network Science","issn_l":"2364-8228","issn":["2364-8228"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Network Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.5799999833106995,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5848148653","display_name":"EAGER: Collaborative Research: Rapid Production of Geospatial Network Inputs for Spatially Explicit Epidemiological Modeling of COVID-19 in the USA","funder_award_id":"2032230","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8511212977","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2032230","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332167","funder_display_name":"Directorate for Biological Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309398","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332167","display_name":"Directorate for Biological Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/001xhss06"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332375","display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/027k65916"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3131782308.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3131782308.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W774652808","https://openalex.org/W1556573274","https://openalex.org/W1968482793","https://openalex.org/W2000042664","https://openalex.org/W2007582395","https://openalex.org/W2009947662","https://openalex.org/W2017708700","https://openalex.org/W2023693832","https://openalex.org/W2025411670","https://openalex.org/W2087451580","https://openalex.org/W2118642082","https://openalex.org/W2141499038","https://openalex.org/W2156066376","https://openalex.org/W2342960223","https://openalex.org/W2649137640","https://openalex.org/W2784007581","https://openalex.org/W2906321005","https://openalex.org/W2950627632","https://openalex.org/W2974473138","https://openalex.org/W3036254542","https://openalex.org/W3043730561","https://openalex.org/W3103362336","https://openalex.org/W3103967557","https://openalex.org/W3125333792","https://openalex.org/W4214518794"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2273795329","https://openalex.org/W2508448752","https://openalex.org/W2756445076","https://openalex.org/W1996662002","https://openalex.org/W2118313227","https://openalex.org/W4384306252","https://openalex.org/W2021849967","https://openalex.org/W2002905353","https://openalex.org/W3016710070","https://openalex.org/W2472876165"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,24,84,197,267],"spatial":[2,25,37,55,168,182,202,237,315],"distribution":[3,38,66,156,497],"of":[4,21,28,39,58,67,75,124,139,154,176,184,187,190,201,207,212,231,263,282,301,304,317,324,337,362,377,380,388,406,417,430,446,461,475,479,488,493],"population":[5,41,69,133,155],"affects":[6],"disease":[7,46],"transmission,":[8],"especially":[9],"when":[10],"shelter":[11],"in":[12,79,118,157,227,348,355,358,366,390,397,439,442,449,468],"place":[13],"orders":[14,138],"restrict":[15],"mobility":[16,465],"for":[17,64,259,306,341,423],"a":[18,32,44,62,150,219,260,414,427,443,458],"large":[19],"fraction":[20],"the":[22,36,40,54,65,72,80,95,172,289,307,313,321,325,363,375,421,424,476,480,486,490,494],"population.":[23],"network":[26,56,203,232,238,447,481],"structure":[27,57],"settlements":[29],"therefore":[30],"imposes":[31],"fundamental":[33],"constraint":[34],"on":[35,94],"through":[42],"which":[43,193],"communicable":[45],"can":[47,148],"spread.":[48],"In":[49,419],"this":[50],"analysis":[51],"we":[52,180],"use":[53],"lighted":[59,185,318],"development":[60,125,186,319],"as":[61,333,405],"proxy":[63],"ambient":[68],"to":[70,224,272,330,453,457],"compare":[71],"spatiotemporal":[73,322],"evolution":[74,323],"COVID-19":[76,305],"confirmed":[77,302,370,440],"cases":[78,303,357,371,389,396,441],"USA":[81,308,425],"and":[82,159,285,298,309,328,346,451],"China.":[83],"Visible":[85],"Infrared":[86],"Imaging":[87],"Radiometer":[88],"Suite":[89],"(VIIRS)":[90],"Day/Night":[91],"Band":[92],"sensor":[93],"NASA/NOAA":[96],"Suomi":[97],"satellite":[98],"has":[99,410,498],"been":[100,483],"imaging":[101],"night":[102,128,178,244],"light":[103,129,245],"at":[104],"~":[105,136,144],"700":[106,145],"m":[107,146],"resolution":[108,115,147],"globally":[109],"since":[110,503],"2012.":[111],"Comparisons":[112],"with":[113,132,210,252,432],"sub-kilometer":[114],"census":[116,164],"observations":[117],"different":[119,122],"countries":[120],"across":[121],"levels":[123],"indicate":[126,471],"that":[127,472],"luminance":[130,174,265],"scales":[131],"density":[134],"over":[135,218],"3":[137],"magnitude.":[140],"However,":[141],"VIIRS\u2019":[142],"constant":[143],"provide":[149],"more":[151],"detailed":[152],"representation":[153],"peri-urban":[158],"rural":[160,294],"areas":[161],"where":[162],"aggregated":[163],"blocks":[165],"lack":[166],"comparable":[167],"detail.":[169],"By":[170],"varying":[171,188,338],"low":[173,264],"threshold":[175],"VIIRS-derived":[177],"light,":[179],"depict":[181],"networks":[183,316,336],"degrees":[189],"connectivity":[191],"within":[192,335],"populations":[194],"are":[195,247],"distributed.":[196],"resulting":[198],"size":[199,496],"distributions":[200,240],"components":[204,269,291,448,462],"(connected":[205],"clusters":[206],"nodes)":[208],"vary":[209],"degree":[211],"connectivity,":[213],"but":[214],"maintain":[215],"consistent":[216],"scaling":[217],"wide":[220,261,428],"range":[221,262,429],"(5":[222],"\u00d7":[223,226],"10":[225,273],"area":[228],"&amp;":[229],"number)":[230],"sizes.":[233],"At":[234],"continental":[235],"scales,":[236],"rank-size":[239],"obtained":[241],"from":[242,436],"VIIRS":[243],"brightness":[246],"well-described":[248],"by":[249,352,485],"power":[250],"laws":[251],"exponents":[253],"near":[254,257],"\u22122":[255],"(slopes":[256],"\u22121)":[258],"thresholds.":[266],"largest":[268,364],"(10":[270],"4":[271],"5":[274],"km":[275],"2":[276],")":[277],"represent":[278,292],"spatially":[279],"contiguous":[280],"agglomerations":[281],"urban,":[283],"suburban":[284],"periurban":[286],"development,":[287],"while":[288,473],"smallest":[290],"isolated":[293],"settlements.":[295],"Projecting":[296],"county":[297],"city-level":[299],"numbers":[300],"China":[310,342,367],"(respectively)":[311],"onto":[312],"corresponding":[314],"allows":[320],"epidemic":[326],"(infection":[327],"detection)":[329],"be":[331],"quantified":[332],"propagation":[334],"connectivity.":[339],"Results":[340,470],"show":[343,426],"rapid":[344,353,454],"nucleation":[345],"diffusion":[347],"January":[349,450],"2020":[350,408],"followed":[351],"decreases":[354],"new":[356,369,395],"February.":[359],"While":[360],"most":[361,379,474],"cities":[365,382],"showed":[368,384],"approaching":[372],"zero":[373,402],"before":[374,464],"end":[376,487],"February,":[378,452],"these":[381],"also":[383],"distinct":[385],"second":[386,415],"waves":[387],"March":[391],"or":[392],"April.":[393],"Whereas":[394],"Wuhan":[398],"did":[399],"not":[400,411],"approach":[401],"until":[403],"mid-March,":[404],"December":[407],"it":[409],"yet":[412],"experienced":[413],"wave":[416],"cases.":[418],"contrast,":[420],"results":[422],"trajectories,":[431],"an":[433],"abrupt":[434],"transition":[435],"slow":[437],"increases":[438,502],"small":[444],"number":[445,460],"geographic":[455],"dispersion":[456],"larger":[459],"shortly":[463],"reductions":[466],"occurred":[467],"March.":[469],"upper":[477],"tail":[478,492],"had":[482],"exposed":[484],"March,":[489],"lower":[491],"component":[495],"only":[499],"shown":[500],"steep":[501],"mid-June.":[504]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
