{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7165492052","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41060-026-01167-w","title":"Generative explainers in Spanish healthcare prognosis: a novel assessment framework","display_name":"Generative explainers in Spanish healthcare prognosis: a novel assessment framework","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7165492052","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41060-026-01167-w"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41060-026-01167-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41060-026-01167-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41060-026-01167-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195017","display_name":"International Journal of Data Science and Analytics","issn_l":"2364-415X","issn":["2364-415X","2364-4168"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319972","host_organization_name":"Springer International Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319972","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer International Publishing","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Data Science and Analytics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41060-026-01167-w.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027506264","display_name":"Nuria Lebe\u00f1a","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9093-4680"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169108374","display_name":"University of the Basque Country","ror":"https://ror.org/000xsnr85","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nuria Lebe\u00f1a","raw_affiliation_strings":["HiTZ Center - Ixa, Department of Electricity and Electronics, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena 2, 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9093-4680","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HiTZ Center - Ixa, Department of Electricity and Electronics, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena 2, 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064615378","display_name":"Arantza Casillas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4248-8182"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169108374","display_name":"University of the Basque Country","ror":"https://ror.org/000xsnr85","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arantza Casillas","raw_affiliation_strings":["HiTZ Center - Ixa, Department of Electricity and Electronics, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena 2, 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HiTZ Center - Ixa, Department of Electricity and Electronics, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena 2, 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130278831","display_name":"Alicia P\u00e9rez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169108374","display_name":"University of the Basque Country","ror":"https://ror.org/000xsnr85","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alicia P\u00e9rez","raw_affiliation_strings":["HiTZ Center - Ixa, Department of Computer Languages and Systems, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Rafael Moreno \u201cPitxitxi\u201d 2/3, 48013, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HiTZ Center - Ixa, Department of Computer Languages and Systems, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Rafael Moreno \u201cPitxitxi\u201d 2/3, 48013, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027506264"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7868845,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.8003000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.8003000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.0681999996304512,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.03959999978542328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.7935000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-diagnosis","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","score":0.6319000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anticipation","display_name":"Anticipation (artificial intelligence)","score":0.5314000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.4794999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timeline","display_name":"Timeline","score":0.454800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4357999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.42260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.39910000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-quality","display_name":"Data quality","score":0.3431999981403351}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.7935000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534262118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.6319000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176777502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4774623","display_name":"Anticipation (artificial intelligence)","level":2,"score":0.5314000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.4794999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4438859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186117","display_name":"Timeline","level":2,"score":0.454800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4375999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43619999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4357999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.42260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.39910000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3695000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24756922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757694","display_name":"Data quality","level":3,"score":0.3431999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.336899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.32760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154874363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3518464","display_name":"Medical classification","level":2,"score":0.3264999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.31610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.3125999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3093000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.29159998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.29010000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145642194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health informatics","level":3,"score":0.28859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547195049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1725664","display_name":"Terminology","level":2,"score":0.27239999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19648533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691640","display_name":"Evidence-based medicine","level":3,"score":0.26510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779951463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268788","display_name":"Quality of life (healthcare)","level":2,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132964779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw data","level":2,"score":0.2574000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.25360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1357284","display_name":"Popularity","level":2,"score":0.2513999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.2508000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41060-026-01167-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41060-026-01167-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41060-026-01167-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195017","display_name":"International Journal of Data Science and Analytics","issn_l":"2364-415X","issn":["2364-415X","2364-4168"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319972","host_organization_name":"Springer International Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319972","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer International Publishing","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Data Science and Analytics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41060-026-01167-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41060-026-01167-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41060-026-01167-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195017","display_name":"International Journal of Data Science and Analytics","issn_l":"2364-415X","issn":["2364-415X","2364-4168"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319972","host_organization_name":"Springer International Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319972","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer International Publishing","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Data Science and Analytics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.475253701210022}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3397376213","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IXA IT-1570-22","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321705","funder_display_name":"Eusko Jaurlaritza"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5279194930","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DOTT-HEALTH/PAT-MED PID2019-106942RB-C31","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321705","display_name":"Eusko Jaurlaritza","ror":"https://ror.org/00pz2fp31"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7165492052.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7165492052.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2095795261","https://openalex.org/W2970641574","https://openalex.org/W3117696238","https://openalex.org/W3128252541","https://openalex.org/W3134761328","https://openalex.org/W3176820529","https://openalex.org/W3200354049","https://openalex.org/W3211021852","https://openalex.org/W4225275371","https://openalex.org/W4241282104","https://openalex.org/W4286912227","https://openalex.org/W4296437236","https://openalex.org/W4312220150","https://openalex.org/W4315563606","https://openalex.org/W4321378748","https://openalex.org/W4384160482","https://openalex.org/W4386609584","https://openalex.org/W4387272122","https://openalex.org/W4391246451","https://openalex.org/W4391940656","https://openalex.org/W4393955556","https://openalex.org/W4394782456","https://openalex.org/W4402486911","https://openalex.org/W4408771257","https://openalex.org/W4411521381","https://openalex.org/W7131876944","https://openalex.org/W7133232399"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Preventive":[1],"medicine":[2],"aims":[3],"to":[4,55,68,106,131,138,144,185,199,251],"detect":[5],"potential":[6],"health":[7],"risks":[8],"early,":[9],"thereby":[10],"reducing":[11],"morbidity":[12],"and":[13,35,87,174,181,192,243],"healthcare":[14],"expenses.":[15],"Beyond":[16],"the":[17,41,44,57,83,89,107,110,113,121,133,145,244],"mere":[18],"anticipation":[19],"of":[20,40,43,59,91,109,112,135,196],"possible":[21],"diagnoses,":[22],"there":[23],"is":[24],"a":[25,37,51],"demand":[26],"for":[27,71,229],"systems":[28],"that":[29,214],"justify":[30],"predictions":[31,228],"with":[32,82,88,158],"clinical":[33,64,141],"evidence":[34],"allow":[36],"quantitative":[38],"assessment":[39,108],"quality":[42,111],"explanation.":[45],"In":[46,116],"this":[47,117],"work,":[48],"we":[49,119],"present":[50],"novel":[52],"approach:":[53],"first,":[54],"address":[56,139],"prognosis":[58,96],"subsequent":[60],"diagnoses":[61,217],"in":[62,128,172,176],"Spanish":[63,173,230],"data":[65,81,93,222],"and,":[66],"second,":[67],"generate":[69,186],"explanations":[70,114],"each":[72,136],"estimated":[73,146],"diagnosis":[74,227],"using":[75],"generative":[76],"models.":[77],"By":[78],"structuring":[79],"patient":[80],"ICD-10":[84,147,150,216],"coding":[85],"standard,":[86],"aid":[90],"cross-lingual":[92],"augmentation,":[94],"substantial":[95],"estimation":[97],"improvements":[98],"were":[99,183],"achieved.":[100],"We":[101],"also":[102],"put":[103],"special":[104],"attention":[105],"generated.":[115],"line,":[118],"propose":[120],"FIR":[122,245],"framework":[123,246],"(i.e.":[124],"faithfulness,":[125],"interpretability,":[126],"robustness),":[127],"an":[129,248],"attempt":[130],"seize":[132],"ability":[134],"explanation":[137,253],"core":[140],"questions":[142],"relevant":[143,240],"diagnoses.":[148],"Combining":[149],"timelines":[151,218],"coming":[152,219],"from":[153,220],"Osa":[154],"(Spanish":[155],"EHRs":[156,161],"dataset)":[157,162],"MIMIC-IV":[159],"(English":[160],"significantly":[163],"improved":[164],"our":[165],"Disease":[166,234],"Risk":[167,235],"Identifier\u2019s":[168],"accuracy":[169],"(by":[170],"11%":[171],"6%":[175],"English).":[177],"Two":[178],"LLMs":[179],"(Mixtral":[180],"BioMistral)":[182],"used":[184],"explanations.":[187],"Mixtral":[188],"achieved":[189],"higher":[190],"faithfulness":[191],"interpretability":[193],"(FidIn":[194],"score":[195],"74.59)":[197],"compared":[198],"BioMistral":[200],"(45.25),":[201],"yet":[202],"both":[203],"maintained":[204],"stable":[205],"performance":[206],"under":[207],"minor":[208],"textual":[209,241],"perturbations.":[210],"These":[211],"findings":[212],"demonstrate":[213],"leveraging":[215],"different":[221],"sources":[223],"notably":[224],"enhances":[225],"next":[226],"EHRs.":[231],"The":[232],"proposed":[233],"Explainer":[236],"successfully":[237],"produces":[238],"clinically":[239],"justifications,":[242],"provides":[247],"objective":[249],"metric":[250],"measure":[252],"quality.":[254]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2026-06-22T00:00:00"}
