{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416776223","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41060-025-00887-9","title":"An accurate spam email detection mechanism using XLNet","display_name":"An accurate spam email detection mechanism using XLNet","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416776223","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41060-025-00887-9"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41060-025-00887-9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41060-025-00887-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195017","display_name":"International Journal of Data Science and Analytics","issn_l":"2364-415X","issn":["2364-415X","2364-4168"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319972","host_organization_name":"Springer International Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319972","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer International Publishing","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Data Science and Analytics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120435813","display_name":"Neeraj Shrestha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90871651","display_name":"University of Toledo","ror":"https://ror.org/01pbdzh19","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Neeraj Shrestha","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012426972","display_name":"Jared Oluoch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9840-8180"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138216421","display_name":"Eastern Michigan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ehshm78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138216421"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jared Oluoch","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Security and Applied Computing, Eastern Michigan University, 900 Oakwood St, Ypsilanti, MI, 48197, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Security and Applied Computing, Eastern Michigan University, 900 Oakwood St, Ypsilanti, MI, 48197, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138216421"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057117584","display_name":"Weiqing Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8719-1721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90871651","display_name":"University of Toledo","ror":"https://ror.org/01pbdzh19","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiqing Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114585333","display_name":"Junghwan Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7313-1552"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90871651","display_name":"University of Toledo","ror":"https://ror.org/01pbdzh19","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junghwan Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120707553","display_name":"Eralda Caushaj","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177721651","display_name":"Oakland University","ror":"https://ror.org/01ythxj32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177721651"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eralda Caushaj","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Business Administration, Oakland University, 275 Varner Driver, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Business Administration, Oakland University, 275 Varner Driver, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177721651"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5120435813"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.50893201,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9732000231742859,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9732000231742859,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.0038999998942017555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5401999950408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5273000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4950999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bag-of-words-model","display_name":"Bag-of-words model","score":0.43709999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.42160001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-mail","display_name":"Electronic mail","score":0.4002000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.35190001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.34599998593330383}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.795199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5401999950408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5273000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49880000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4950999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13672336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3460803","display_name":"Bag-of-words model","level":2,"score":0.43709999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.42160001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4185999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020028006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9158","display_name":"Electronic mail","level":2,"score":0.4002000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37529999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.35190001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158955206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83058","display_name":"Spamming","level":3,"score":0.32670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.3154999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160295073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137616","display_name":"Opt-in email","level":2,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127735637","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2306702","display_name":"Spambot","level":4,"score":0.2750000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58471807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","level":2,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.2533000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157310412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140915","display_name":"Forum spam","level":5,"score":0.2522999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.25119999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41060-025-00887-9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41060-025-00887-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195017","display_name":"International Journal of Data Science and Analytics","issn_l":"2364-415X","issn":["2364-415X","2364-4168"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319972","host_organization_name":"Springer International Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319972","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer International Publishing","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Data Science and Analytics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1603920809","https://openalex.org/W2099606292","https://openalex.org/W2885195348","https://openalex.org/W2949836779","https://openalex.org/W2964110616","https://openalex.org/W2979826702","https://openalex.org/W3035390927","https://openalex.org/W3161935901","https://openalex.org/W3193099849","https://openalex.org/W3214332509","https://openalex.org/W4206833365","https://openalex.org/W4223931825","https://openalex.org/W4226327328","https://openalex.org/W4293146311","https://openalex.org/W4360976225","https://openalex.org/W4386266758"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-28T23:14:17.795251","created_date":"2025-11-28T00:00:00"}