{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3194828395","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41060-022-00365-6","title":"CARE: coherent actionable recourse based on sound counterfactual explanations","display_name":"CARE: coherent actionable recourse based on sound counterfactual explanations","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3194828395","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41060-022-00365-6","mag":"3194828395"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41060-022-00365-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41060-022-00365-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41060-022-00365-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195017","display_name":"International Journal of Data Science and Analytics","issn_l":"2364-415X","issn":["2364-415X","2364-4168"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319972","host_organization_name":"Springer International Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319972","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer International Publishing","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Data Science and Analytics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41060-022-00365-6.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020889727","display_name":"Peyman Rasouli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3658-838X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peyman Rasouli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Gaustadall\u00e9en 23B, 0373, Oslo, Norway","Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3658-838X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Gaustadall\u00e9en 23B, 0373, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053626863","display_name":"Ingrid Chieh Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9764-3319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ingrid Chieh Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Gaustadall\u00e9en 23B, 0373, Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Gaustadall\u00e9en 23B, 0373, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020889727"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":3.053,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92229408,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"1","first_page":"13","last_page":"38"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9865999817848206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.767857015132904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7371496558189392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-thinking","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","score":0.6942113637924194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outcome","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","score":0.6445006728172302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5768734812736511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soundness","display_name":"Soundness","score":0.5549074411392212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.5070557594299316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4687754213809967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchy","display_name":"Hierarchy","score":0.4668138027191162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4622940719127655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.4165138602256775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.395605206489563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34638237953186035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.32120481133461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10885101556777954}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.767857015132904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7371496558189392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108650721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783253","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","level":2,"score":0.6942113637924194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.6445006728172302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5768734812736511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q693083","display_name":"Soundness","level":2,"score":0.5549074411392212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5070557594299316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4687754213809967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.4668138027191162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4622940719127655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.4165138602256775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.395605206489563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34638237953186035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.32120481133461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10885101556777954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41060-022-00365-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41060-022-00365-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41060-022-00365-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195017","display_name":"International Journal of Data Science and Analytics","issn_l":"2364-415X","issn":["2364-415X","2364-4168"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319972","host_organization_name":"Springer International Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319972","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer International Publishing","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Data Science and Analytics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41060-022-00365-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41060-022-00365-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41060-022-00365-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195017","display_name":"International Journal of Data Science and Analytics","issn_l":"2364-415X","issn":["2364-415X","2364-4168"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319972","host_organization_name":"Springer International Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319972","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer International Publishing","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Data Science and Analytics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.49000000953674316}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323260","display_name":"Universitetet i Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3194828395.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3194828395.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W584635876","https://openalex.org/W1673310716","https://openalex.org/W2016023958","https://openalex.org/W2016544456","https://openalex.org/W2022485595","https://openalex.org/W2056884786","https://openalex.org/W2063978378","https://openalex.org/W2126105956","https://openalex.org/W2138779671","https://openalex.org/W2140007372","https://openalex.org/W2144182447","https://openalex.org/W2180566385","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2739220786","https://openalex.org/W2891340972","https://openalex.org/W2945151003","https://openalex.org/W2945295328","https://openalex.org/W2951153172","https://openalex.org/W2953945697","https://openalex.org/W2962966435","https://openalex.org/W2964027122","https://openalex.org/W2964449086","https://openalex.org/W2973319951","https://openalex.org/W3005632426","https://openalex.org/W3019132020","https://openalex.org/W3023497337","https://openalex.org/W3034697737","https://openalex.org/W3081364375","https://openalex.org/W3089397413","https://openalex.org/W3099331386","https://openalex.org/W3099844187","https://openalex.org/W3101038122","https://openalex.org/W3103795814","https://openalex.org/W3104149808","https://openalex.org/W3104997604","https://openalex.org/W3120740533","https://openalex.org/W3122175177","https://openalex.org/W3135487809","https://openalex.org/W3202810143","https://openalex.org/W4226290207","https://openalex.org/W4237532635","https://openalex.org/W4244230525","https://openalex.org/W4245123454","https://openalex.org/W4254182148","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6605919414","https://openalex.org/W6753134527","https://openalex.org/W6810823012"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3201448254","https://openalex.org/W2905433371","https://openalex.org/W4286970243","https://openalex.org/W2888392564","https://openalex.org/W2066431708","https://openalex.org/W4310278675","https://openalex.org/W4388422664","https://openalex.org/W4390569940","https://openalex.org/W4361193272","https://openalex.org/W2964449086"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Counterfactual":[1],"explanation":[2,151],"(CE)":[3],"is":[4,230],"a":[5,20,48,132,137,170,176,207,231],"popular":[6],"post":[7],"hoc":[8],"interpretability":[9],"approach":[10,134,233],"that":[11,51,153],"explains":[12],"how":[13],"to":[14,47,56,112],"obtain":[15],"an":[16,57,150],"alternative":[17],"outcome":[18],"from":[19],"machine":[21],"learning":[22],"model":[23,241],"by":[24,157,201,216],"specifying":[25],"minimum":[26],"changes":[27,54],"in":[28,169,242],"the":[29,37,61,68,74,116,129,159,185,195,248],"input.":[30],"In":[31],"line":[32],"with":[33],"this":[34],"context,":[35],"when":[36],"model\u2019s":[38],"inputs":[39],"represent":[40],"actual":[41],"individuals,":[42],"actionable":[43],"recourse":[44],"(AR)":[45],"refers":[46],"personalized":[49],"CE":[50],"prescribes":[52],"feasible":[53],"according":[55],"individual\u2019s":[58],"preferences.":[59,79],"Hence,":[60],"quality":[62],"of":[63,70,77,115,131,189,197,250],"ARs":[64],"highly":[65],"depends":[66],"on":[67,143,259],"soundness":[69],"underlying":[71],"CEs":[72,198],"and":[73,90,107,123,163,173,187,199,220,239,256,263],"proper":[75],"incorporation":[76],"user":[78],"To":[80],"generate":[81],"sound":[82],"CEs,":[83],"several":[84,254],"data-level":[85],"properties,":[86],"such":[87],"as":[88,126,128,161,192,194],"proximity":[89],"connectedness,":[91],"should":[92],"be":[93],"taken":[94],"into":[95],"account.":[96],"Meanwhile,":[97],"personalizing":[98],"explanations":[99],"demands":[100],"fulfilling":[101],"important":[102],"user-level":[103],"requirements,":[104],"like":[105],"coherency":[106],"actionability.":[108],"The":[109,180],"main":[110],"obstacles":[111],"inclusive":[113],"consideration":[114],"stated":[117],"properties":[118,160,191],"are":[119],"their":[120,144,214,222,226],"associated":[121],"modeling":[122],"computational":[124],"complexity":[125],"well":[127,193],"lack":[130],"systematic":[133],"for":[135,210,234],"making":[136],"rigorous":[138],"trade-off":[139],"between":[140],"them":[141],"based":[142],"importance.":[145],"This":[146],"paper":[147],"introduces":[148],"CARE,":[149],"framework":[152,252],"addresses":[154],"these":[155],"challenges":[156],"formulating":[158],"intuitive":[162],"computationally":[164],"efficient":[165],"objective":[166],"functions,":[167],"organized":[168],"modular":[171,182],"hierarchy":[172,183],"optimized":[174],"using":[175],"multi-objective":[177],"optimization":[178],"algorithm.":[179],"devised":[181],"enables":[184],"arbitration":[186],"aggregation":[188],"various":[190],"generation":[196],"AR":[200],"choice.":[202],"CARE":[203,229],"involves":[204],"individuals":[205],"through":[206,253],"flexible":[208],"language":[209],"defining":[211],"preferences,":[212],"facilitates":[213],"choice":[215],"recommending":[217],"multiple":[218],"ARs,":[219],"guides":[221],"action":[223],"steps":[224],"toward":[225],"desired":[227],"outcome.":[228],"model-agnostic":[232],"explaining":[235],"any":[236],"multi-class":[237],"classification":[238],"regression":[240],"mixed-feature":[243],"tabular":[244],"settings.":[245],"We":[246],"demonstrate":[247],"efficacy":[249],"our":[251],"validation":[255],"benchmark":[257],"experiments":[258],"standard":[260],"data":[261],"sets":[262],"black":[264],"box":[265],"models.":[266]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T15:47:20.252518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
